{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T03:43:36Z","timestamp":1790480616285,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]],"date-time":"2015-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The interferon-induced<jats:italic>Mx1<\/jats:italic>gene is an important part of the mammalian defense against influenza viruses.<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mus musculus<\/jats:named-content>Mx1 inhibits influenza A virus replication and transcription by suppressing the polymerase activity of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs). Here, we compared the anti-influenza virus activity of Mx1 from<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mus musculus<\/jats:named-content>A2G with that of its ortholog from<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mus spretus<\/jats:named-content>. We found that the antiviral activity of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. spretus<\/jats:named-content>Mx1 was less potent than that of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. musculus<\/jats:named-content>Mx1. Comparison of the<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. musculus<\/jats:named-content>Mx1 sequence with the<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. spretus<\/jats:named-content>Mx1 sequence revealed 25 amino acid differences, over half of which were present in the GTPase domain and 2 of which were present in loop L4. However, the<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>GTPase activity of Mx1 from the two mouse species was similar. Replacement of one of the residues in loop L4 in<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. spretus<\/jats:named-content>Mx1 by the corresponding residue of A2G Mx1 increased its antiviral activity. We also show that deletion of loop L4 prevented the binding of Mx1 to influenza A virus nucleoprotein and, hence, abolished the antiviral activity of mouse Mx1. These results indicate that loop L4 of mouse Mx1 is a determinant of antiviral activity. Our findings suggest that Mx proteins from different mammals use a common mechanism to inhibit influenza A viruses.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>Mx proteins are evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates and inhibit a wide range of viruses. Still, the exact details of their antiviral mechanisms remain largely unknown. Functional comparison of the<jats:italic>Mx<\/jats:italic>genes from two species that diverged relatively recently in evolution can provide novel insights into these mechanisms. We show that both<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mus musculus<\/jats:named-content>A2G Mx1 and<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mus spretus<\/jats:named-content>Mx1 target the influenza virus nucleoprotein. We also found that loop L4 in mouse Mx1 is crucial for its antiviral activity, as was recently reported for primate MxA. This indicates that human and mouse Mx proteins, which have diverged by 75 million years of evolution, recognize and inhibit influenza A viruses by a common mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01744-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,31]],"date-time":"2015-08-31T21:12:47Z","timestamp":1441055567000},"page":"10879-10890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Functional Comparison of Mx1 from Two Different Mouse Species Reveals the Involvement of Loop L4 in the Antiviral Activity against Influenza A Viruses"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Judith","family":"Verhelst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Spitaels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"N\u00fcrnberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorien","family":"De Vlieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tine","family":"Ysenbaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Staeheli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Fiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Saelens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00024-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.8.8.3065-3079.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.90.6.942","article-title":"The resistance of A2G mice to myxoviruses","volume":"90","author":"Lindenmann J","year":"1963","unstructured":"Lindenmann J, Lane CA, Hobson D. 1963. 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