{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:42:28Z","timestamp":1792788148095,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) is clinically manifested by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), respiratory and enteric disease, reproductive failure, and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is an essential component of PCVAD, although an etiologic role in PDNS is not well established. Here, a novel circovirus, designated porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3), was identified in sows that died acutely with PDNS-like clinical signs. The capsid and replicase proteins of PCV3 are only 37% and 55% identical to PCV2 and bat circoviruses, respectively. Aborted fetuses from sows with PDNS contained high levels of PCV3 (7.57 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    genome copies\/ml), and no other viruses were detected by PCR and metagenomic sequencing. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of sow tissue samples identified PCV3 antigen in skin, kidney, lung, and lymph node samples localized in typical PDNS lesions, including necrotizing vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, granulomatous lymphadenitis, and bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Further study of archived PDNS tissue samples that were negative for PCV2 by IHC analysis identified 45 of 48 that were PCV3 positive by quantitative PCR (qPCR), with 60% of a subset also testing positive for PCV3 by IHC analysis. Analysis by qPCR of 271 porcine respiratory disease diagnostic submission samples identified 34 PCV3-positive cases (12.5%), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detection of anti-PCV3 capsid antibodies in serum samples found that 46 (55%) of 83 samples tested were positive. These results suggest that PCV3 commonly circulates within U.S. swine and may play an etiologic role in reproductive failure and PDNS. Because of the high economic impact of PCV2, this novel circovirus warrants further studies to elucidate its significance and role in PCVAD.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    While porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) was first identified in sporadic cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in Canada in the early 1990s, an epidemic of severe systemic disease due to PCV2 spread worldwide in the ensuing decade. Despite being effectively controlled by commercial vaccines, PCV2 remains one of the most economically significant viruses of swine. Here, a novel porcine circovirus (PCV3) that is distantly related to known circoviruses was identified in sows with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) and reproductive failure. PCV2, which has previously been associated with these clinical presentations, was not identified. High levels of PCV3 nucleic acid were observed in aborted fetuses by quantitative PCR, and PCV3 antigen was localized in histologic lesions typical of PDNS in sows by immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis. PCV3 was also identified in archival PDNS diagnostic samples that previously tested negative for PCV2 by IHC analysis. The emergence of PCV3 warrants further investigation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01879-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,26]],"date-time":"2016-10-26T22:49:38Z","timestamp":1477522178000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":495,"title":["A Novel Porcine Circovirus Distantly Related to Known Circoviruses Is Associated with Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome and Reproductive Failure"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Rachel","family":"Palinski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Pi\u00f1eyro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangfeng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Byers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithfield Hog Production, Warsaw, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben M.","family":"Hause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"},{"name":"Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses","author":"Biagini P","year":"2012","unstructured":"Biagini P Bendinelli M Hino S Kakkola L Mankertz A Niel C Okamoto H Raidal S Teo CG Todd D . 2012. Circoviridae, p 343\u2013349. In King AMQ, Adams MJ, Carstens EB, Lefkowitz EJ (ed), Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses. Ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Elsevier Academic Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1291-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02109-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00096-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"Pathology of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome of pigs","volume":"1996","author":"Clark EG","year":"1996","unstructured":"Clark EG . 1996. Pathology of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome of pigs. Proc West Can Assoc Swine ProdOctober 1996:22\u201325.","journal-title":"Proc West Can Assoc Swine Prod"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"249","article-title":"Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome: epidemiology and clinical presentation","volume":"6","author":"Harding JCS","year":"1998","unstructured":"Harding JCS Clark EG Strokappe JH Willson PI Ellis JA . 1998. Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome: epidemiology and clinical presentation. Swine Health Prod6:249\u2013254.","journal-title":"Swine Health Prod"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1733"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879801000102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"467","article-title":"Novel porcine circoviruses from pigs with wasting disease syndromes","volume":"142","author":"Allan G","year":"1998","unstructured":"Allan G Meehan B Todd D Kennedy S McNeilly F Ellis J Clark EG Harding J Espuna E Botner A Charreyre C . 1998. Novel porcine circoviruses from pigs with wasting disease syndromes. Vet Rec142:467\u2013468.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.62.627"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"44","article-title":"Isolation of circovirus from lesions of pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Ellis J","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ellis J Hassard L Clark E Harding J Allan G Willson P Strokappe J Martin K McNeilly F Meehan B Todd D Haines D . 1998. Isolation of circovirus from lesions of pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Can Vet J39:44\u201351.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","first-page":"600","article-title":"First report of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs in Spain","volume":"141","author":"Segal\u00e9s J","year":"1997","unstructured":"Segal\u00e9s J Sitjar M Domingo M Dee S Del Pozo M Noval R Sacristan C De las Heras A Ferro A Latimer KS . 1997. First report of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs in Spain. Vet Rec141:600\u2013601.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589803500411"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870001200209"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"133","article-title":"Update on porcine circovirus and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)","volume":"8","author":"Sorden S","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sorden S . 2000. Update on porcine circovirus and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). J Swine Health Prod8:133\u2013136.","journal-title":"J Swine Health Prod"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"267","article-title":"Status of porcine circovirus diseases in western Canada","volume":"48","author":"Harding JCS","year":"2007","unstructured":"Harding JCS . 2007. Status of porcine circovirus diseases in western Canada. Can Vet J48:267\u2013268.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harms PA Halbur PG Sorden SD . 2002. Three cases of porcine respiratory disease complex associated with porcine circovirus type 2 infection. J Swine Health Prod10:27\u201330. https:\/\/www.aasv.org\/shap\/issues\/v10n1\/v10n1p27.pdf.","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/327"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(02)00257-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.1998.0258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252311000053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.1998.0295"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2003.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.132.2.47-b"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589803500204"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","unstructured":"Drolet R Thibault S D'Allaire S Thomson J Done S . 1999. Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS): an overview of the disease. Swine Health Prod7:283\u2013285. https:\/\/www.aasv.org\/shap\/issues\/v7n6\/v7n6p283.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.12.1615"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2003.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.0985"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.028704-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/20.13.3279"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050412"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-11-2805"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0847"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-014-1099-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.0922"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.132.8.199-a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050170152"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","first-page":"115","article-title":"PMWS and porcine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome in Great Britain","volume":"147","author":"Gresham A","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gresham A Giles N Weaver J . 2000. PMWS and porcine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome in Great Britain. Vet Rec147:115.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.142.18.483"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2002.9695132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.149.14.412"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870701900405"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.12.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.08-VP-0234-O-FL"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80573-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.1999.0337"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050070031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870201400601"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.08.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aleutian disease of mink. Virology and immunology","volume":"287","author":"Aasted B","year":"1985","unstructured":"Aasted B . 1985. Aleutian disease of mink. Virology and immunology. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand Suppl287:1\u201347.","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0389.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19536-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","first-page":"811","article-title":"The emergence of porcine circovirus 2b genotype (PCV-2b) in swine in Canada","volume":"48","author":"Gagnon CA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gagnon CA Tremblay D Tijssen P Venne M-H Houde A Elahi SM . 2007. The emergence of porcine circovirus 2b genotype (PCV-2b) in swine in Canada. Can Vet J48:811\u2013819.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.07.047"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.05.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.09.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252310000162"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-006-0909-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.11.105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2004.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2009.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02345-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000100"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041463"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1904.121390"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105909"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2014.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504666102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2016.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","first-page":"180","article-title":"Antibody responses of pigs to defined Erns fragments after infection with classical swine fever virus","volume":"12","author":"Lin M","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lin M Trottier E Pasick J . 2005. Antibody responses of pigs to defined Erns fragments after infection with classical swine fever virus. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol12:180\u2013186.","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000251"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000343"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000529"}],"container-title":["Journal of Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.01879-16","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.01879-16","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T17:37:29Z","timestamp":1749663449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JVI.01879-16"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Grant","family":"McFadden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JVI.01879-16"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.01879-16","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-538X","1098-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-538X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-09-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-10-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-12-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01879-16"}}