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Despite the availability of an annual vaccine, a large number of cases occur every year globally. Here, we report that papaverine, a vasodilator, shows inhibitory action against various strains of influenza virus as well as the paramyxoviruses PIV5, HPIV3, and RSV. A significant effect of papaverine on the influenza virus morphology was observed. Papaverine treatment of influenza-virus-infected cells resulted in the inhibition of virus at a later time in the virus life cycle through the suppression of nuclear export of vRNP and also interfered with the host cellular cAMP and MEK\/ERK cascade pathways. This study explores the use of papaverine as an effective inhibitor of both influenza viruses as well as paramyxoviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01888-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T12:56:56Z","timestamp":1578056216000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Repurposing Papaverine as an Antiviral Agent against Influenza Viruses and Paramyxoviruses"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Megha","family":"Aggarwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George P.","family":"Leser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1201.050979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2019.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054512"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja202288m"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(00)00103-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2006.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01774-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.04.053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01675"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.11.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610977104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115937"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2011.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(04)00108-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2011.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35060098"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2013.52"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.015578-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.22.2.0428"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0952-7915(96)80131-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07237"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(05)03622-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20021698"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762005000900023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069670"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181876"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(80)90255-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-019-01289-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(71)90086-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291x(70)91046-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.73.3.444"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","first-page":"822","article-title":"Intraarterial papaverine for the treatment of vasospasm","volume":"14","author":"Marks MP","year":"1993","unstructured":"Marks MP, Steinberg GK, Lane B. 1993. 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