{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:51:57Z","timestamp":1762509117559,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              The corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona-virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spurred a worldwide race for the development of an efficient vaccine. Various strategies were pursued; however, the first vaccines to be licensed presented the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein either in the context of a non-replicating adenoviral vector or as an mRNA construct. While short-term efficacies have extensively been characterized, the duration of protection, the need for repeated boosting, and reasonable vaccination intervals have yet to be defined. We here describe the adaptive immune response resulting from homologous and heterologous vaccination regimen at 18 months after primary vaccination. To that extent, we monitored 176 healthcare workers, the majority of whom had recovered from previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. In summary, we find that differences depending on primary immunization continue to exist 18 months after the first vaccination and these findings hold true irrespective of previous infection with the virus. Homologous primary immunization with BNT162b2 was repeatedly shown to produce higher antibody levels and slower antibody decline, leading to more effective\n              <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              neutralization capacities. Likewise, cellular responses resulting from\n              <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              re-stimulation were more pronounced after primary immunization involving BNT162b2. In contrast, IL-2 producing memory T helper and cytotoxic T cells appeared independent from the primary vaccination regimen. Despite these differences, comparable infection rates among all vaccination groups suggest comparable real-life protection.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>Vaccination against the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona-virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was shown to avert severe courses of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to mitigate spreading of the virus. However, the duration of protection and need for repeated boosting have yet to be defined. Monitoring and comparing the immune responses resulting from various vaccine strategies are therefore important to fill knowledge gaps and prepare for future pandemics.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01912-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T12:01:02Z","timestamp":1710849662000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The varying extent of humoral and cellular immune responses to either vector- or RNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines persists for at least 18 months and is independent of infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2350-8319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franz","family":"Mai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emil C.","family":"Reisinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6575-6824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigitte","family":"M\u00fcller-Hilke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00434-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2380-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32661-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07418-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2022-000385"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02240-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19537-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2021.21.e29"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.778243"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10020322"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02231-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32527-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10091563"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1120010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1062210"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","first-page":"572","article-title":"On the doctrine of original Antigenic sin","volume":"104","author":"Francis T","year":"1960","unstructured":"Francis T. 1960. On the doctrine of original Antigenic sin. 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