{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T18:12:40Z","timestamp":1792692760865,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>The mammary gland is an essential organ for milk production, providing essential immune and nutritional support to offspring and supplying dairy products for human consumption. In both humans and animals, the lactating mammary gland is susceptible to bacterial and viral infections, which can lead to mastitis and, in some cases, vertical transmission to offspring, with potential adverse effects on infant health. However, until recently, the role of respiratory viruses in mammary gland infection has been relatively understudied, particularly their ability to infect mammary epithelial cells and transmit through lactation. The recent emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in dairy cattle has demonstrated the virus\u2019s capacity to replicate in the mammary gland, cause mastitis, and produce high viral loads in milk. This raises significant concerns about the potential for zoonotic transmission to humans and other animals in contact with infected dairy cows and unpasteurized milk. In this mini-review, we highlight key studies that demonstrate the replication of influenza and other viruses in the mammary gland, summarize recent findings from experimental and natural H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b infections in dairy cows and small animal models, and discuss the broader One Health implications of the current H5N1 outbreak. We emphasize the urgent need for an interdisciplinary collaboration across sectors to mitigate the risks posed by influenza viruses with pandemic potential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01940-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T13:00:26Z","timestamp":1755003626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Influenza infection of the mammary gland"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0940-0847","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alyson A.","family":"Kelvin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03yjb2x39","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pari H.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02x4b0932","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Pathology, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine","place":["Cleveland, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sourish","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021wm7p51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2021-727X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stacey","family":"Schultz-Cherry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02r3e0967","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital","place":["Memphis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0467-7874","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephanie N.","family":"Langel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02x4b0932","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Pathology, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine","place":["Cleveland, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2015.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00742-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073883"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75836-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-216"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/ejbh.2018.3871"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13023"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12478"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit227"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piw058"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","first-page":"130","article-title":"Transmission of yellow fever vaccine virus through breast-feeding - Brazil, 2009","volume":"59","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2010","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2010. 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