{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:41:24Z","timestamp":1785415284341,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006812","name":"Center for Integrated Healthcare, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01CX002422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01CX002422"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006812","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA059854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA059854"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA059538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA059538"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AI027767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI027767"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS094067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS094067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013148","name":"Mendez National Institute of Transplantation Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR001450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001450"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013148","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01DA056876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01DA056876"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In 2017, our group first demonstrated that autoimmunity contributes to HIV pathogenesis, even without autoimmune disease. This concept is now broadly recognized, exemplified by the role of autoimmunity in severe COVID-19. In people with HIV (PWH) on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART), anti-CD4 autoantibodies may impair CD4+ T-cell recovery, though the mechanisms driving their production remain unclear. Building on evidence from our group and others that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and its peptidoglycan (PGN) promote autoimmunity, we investigated their contribution to anti-CD4 IgG in HIV. Plasma from 32 ART-naive PWH, 53 ART-treated PWH, and 32 HIV-negative controls was analyzed for IgG autoantibodies and markers of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      translocation using protein array and ELISA. EcoHIV mice were injected intraperitoneally with saline,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      PGN, or\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      PGN. PGN structures were compared by mass spectrometry. Among 87 autoantibodies, 40% were elevated in ART-naive PWH and largely normalized by ART; however, anti-CD4 IgGs remained elevated in PWH on ART. Anti-CD4 IgG levels inversely correlated with CD4+ T-cell counts in ART-treated PWH and positively with markers of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      translocation. In mice,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      PGN induced anti-CD4 IgGs, reduced frequency of CD4+ T cells among total gut T cells, and promoted surface IgG binding and apoptosis in CD4+ T cells.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and its PGN translocation may drive anti-CD4 autoimmunity and hinder immune recovery in PWH on suppressive ART, highlighting\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      colonization as a therapeutic target and supporting the development of competitive probiotic interventions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Currently, no treatment is available for improving CD4+ T-cell recovery in people with HIV (PWH) on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). Up to 20% of PWH on ART fail to restore peripheral CD4+ T-cell counts to levels observed in healthy individuals, a condition associated with increased morbidity and mortality and representing a major unmet challenge in HIV clinical care. Our study demonstrates that systemic\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                        translocation contributes to autoimmunity and impaired immune reconstitution in a subset of PWH on suppressive ART. These findings identify a previously unrecognized mechanism of immune failure and support a novel therapeutic strategy combining probiotics with ART to enhance immune recovery and reduce HIV-associated morbidity and mortality.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01965-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T13:00:19Z","timestamp":1775221219000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systemic translocation of\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    promotes autoimmunity: implications in autoantibody-mediated poor immune reconstitution from antiretroviral therapy in HIV"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Da","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012jban78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina","place":["Charleston, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenwu","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012jban78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina","place":["Charleston, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wangbin","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012jban78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina","place":["Charleston, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonya L.","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/008s83205","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham","place":["Birmingham, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Gisslen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01tm6cn81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg","place":["Gothenburg, Sweden"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04vgqjj36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland","place":["Gothenburg, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard W.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cgv2351","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco General Hospital","place":["San Francisco, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Adekunle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012jban78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina","place":["Charleston, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/030ma0n95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Ralph H. 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