{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T03:34:51Z","timestamp":1785036891167,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]],"date-time":"2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI301795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI301795"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA39805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA39805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI110769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI110769"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DAMD-17-87-7072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DAMD-17-87-7072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Recent studies on the role of T cells in Zika virus (ZIKV) infection have shown that T cell responses to Asian ZIKV infection are important for protection, and that previous dengue virus (DENV) exposure amplifies the protective T cell response to Asian ZIKV. Human T cell responses to African ZIKV infection, however, remain unexplored. Here, we utilized the modified anthrax toxin delivery system to develop a flavivirus enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay. Using human ZIKV and DENV samples from Senegal, West Africa, our results demonstrate specific and cross-reactive T cell responses to nonstructural protein 3 (NS3). Specifically, we found that T cell responses to NS3 protease are ZIKV and DENV specific, but responses to NS3 helicase are cross-reactive. Sequential sample analyses revealed immune responses sustained many years after infection. These results have important implications for African ZIKV\/DENV vaccine development, as well as for potential flavivirus diagnostics based on T cell responses.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            The recent Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in Latin America and the associated congenital microcephaly and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome have raised questions as to why we have not recognized these distinct clinical diseases in Africa. The human immunologic response to ZIKV and related flaviviruses in Africa represents a research gap that may shed light on the mechanisms contributing to protection. The goal of our study was to develop an inexpensive assay to detect and characterize the T cell response to African ZIKV and DENV. Our data show long-term specific and cross-reactive human immune responses against African ZIKV and DENV, suggesting the usefulness of a diagnostic based on the T cell response. Additionally, we show that prior flavivirus exposure influences the magnitude of the T cell response. The identification of immune responses to African ZIKV and DENV is of relevance to vaccine development.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01992-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,9]],"date-time":"2018-01-09T12:11:53Z","timestamp":1515499913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Sustained Specific and Cross-Reactive T Cell Responses to Zika and Dengue Virus NS3 in West Africa"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Bobby Brooke","family":"Herrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Yang","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte A.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald J.","family":"Hamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Kung","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichen","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haikou VTI Biological Institute, Haikou, Hainan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souleymane","family":"Mboup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Research, Epidemiological Surveillance and Training, Dakar, Senegal"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University &amp; Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phyllis J.","family":"Kanki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. 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