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However, our study demonstrates that the context and timing of PD-1 signaling in T cells greatly impact the outcome of the effector response. In particular, we show that PD-1 activation plays a positive role during the DC-mediated initiation stage of the primary T cell response, while it serves as an inhibitory mechanism during the effector phase of the response. Therefore, caution should be taken in the design of therapies that include targeting of the PD-1\/PD-L1 signaling pathway in order to avoid potential negative impacts on the induction of\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    T cell responses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02035-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T05:36:06Z","timestamp":1544592966000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Contrasting Roles of the PD-1 Signaling Pathway in Dendritic Cell-Mediated Induction and Regulation of HIV-1-Specific Effector T Cell Functions"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7579-5272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana M.","family":"Garcia-Bates","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana L.","family":"Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengli","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Gambotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard J. 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