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Yet, comparatively little is known about their biology. In particular, details about initial infection, i.e., host cell entry, remain mostly elusive. During initial characterization of \u03b2 HPV5 pseudovirion (PsV) preparations, surprisingly large amounts of filamentous particles were found besides the prototypical icosahedral (T = 7) virions. Whether these filamentous particles actively contribute to or interfere with infectivity of the spherical viruses is unknown. Using a combination of morphological, biochemical, and virological methods, we showed that the filamentous particles are non-infectious. Moreover, they interfered with the initial step of infection, i.e., binding to cellular heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), and served as a decoy for soluble glycosaminoglycans, thereby modulating infectivity by enhancing infectious PsV binding. This explains previous seemingly contradictory findings on HPV5 binding to HSPGs. Importantly, in HPV5 skin warts from an immunocompromised patient, no filamentous particles were observable highlighting differences in the assembly of pseudovirions and native viruses.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>Papillomaviruses contribute to numerous cancer incidents and significant mortality despite available vaccinations. Hence, high-risk \u03b1 HPVs have been the focus of most research in the past. However, there are indications that less well-studied \u03b2 HPVs may also contribute to certain malignancies. Little is known about their mode of cell invasion, and available data appear partially contradictory. Our work demonstrated that HPV5 as a model \u03b2 HPVs yielded high amounts of non-infectious filamentous particles during PsV production. These acted as modulators of infection by the infectious spherical particles. Removing these filamentous particles showed that HPV5 engaged HSPGs as the primary receptor for cell binding, similar to high-risk \u03b1 HPV, indicating a conserved feature not only among \u03b1, but also among \u03b2 HPVs, thereby explaining previous contradictions.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02039-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T14:00:30Z","timestamp":1768312830000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Filamentous virions act as non-infectious interfering particles to modulate papillomavirus infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Dominik","family":"van Bodegraven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00pd74e08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of M\u00fcnster, Institute of 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