{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T22:38:49Z","timestamp":1790375929362,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,15]],"date-time":"2007-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1176595200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Natural killer (NK) cells play a pivotal role in the innate immune response to viral infections, particularly murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and human herpesviruses. In poxvirus infections, the role of NK cells is less clear. We examined disease progression in C57BL\/6 mice after the removal of NK cells by both antibody depletion and genetic means. We found that NK cells were crucial for survival and the early control of virus replication in spleen and to a lesser extent in liver in C57BL\/6 mice. Studies of various knockout mice suggested that \u03b3\u03b4 T cells and NKT cells are not important in the C57BL\/6 mousepox model and CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            and CD8\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells do not exhibit antiviral activity at 6 days postinfection, when the absence of NK cells has a profound effect on virus titers in spleen and liver. NK cell cytotoxicity and\/or gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) secretion likely mediated the antiviral effect needed to control virus infectivity in target organs. Studies of the effects of ectromelia virus (ECTV) infection on NK cells demonstrated that NK cells proliferate within target tissues (spleen and liver) and become activated following a low-dose footpad infection, although the mechanism of activation appears distinct from the ligand-dependent activation observed with MCMV. NK cell IFN-\u03b3 secretion was detected by intracellular cytokine staining transiently at 32 to 72 h postinfection in the lymph node, suggesting a role in establishing a Th1 response. These results confirm a crucial role for NK cells in controlling an ECTV infection.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02061-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,8]],"date-time":"2007-02-08T01:19:35Z","timestamp":1170897575000},"page":"4070-4079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Induction of Natural Killer Cell Responses by Ectromelia Virus Controls Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"April Keim","family":"Parker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne M.","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Corbett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology"},{"name":"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, 1402 South Grand Blvd., Saint Louis, Missouri 63104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Mark L.","family":"Buller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni794"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.18.10168-10171.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.535"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198906293202605"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.2.1141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"1407","volume":"150","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brownstein, D. G., and L. Gras. 1997. 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Pathogenesis of the acute exanthems. Lancet2:915-920.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"Fenner F. D. A. Henderson A. Arita Z. Jezek and I. D. Ladnyi. 1988. Smallpox and its eradication. World Heath Organization Geneva Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"517","volume":"7","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gazit, R., R. Gruda, M. Elboim, T. I. Arnon, G. Katz, H. Achdout, J. Hanna, U. Qimron, G. Landau, E. Greenbaum, Z. Zakay-Rones, A. Porgador, and O. Mandelboim. 2006. Lethal influenza infection in the absence of the natural killer cell receptor gene Ncr1. Nat. Immunol.7:517-523.","journal-title":"Nat. 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