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Both canine distemper virus (CDV) and rabies virus (RABV) cause lethal disease in wild and domestic carnivores. While RABV vaccines are inactivated, the live-attenuated CDV vaccines retain residual virulence for highly susceptible wildlife species. In this study, we developed recombinant bivalent vaccine candidates based on recombinant vaccine strain rabies virus particles, which concurrently display the protective CDV and RABV glycoprotein antigens. The recombinant viruses replicated to near-wild-type titers, and the heterologous glycoproteins were efficiently expressed and incorporated in the viral particles. Immunization of ferrets with beta-propiolactone-inactivated recombinant virus particles elicited protective RABV antibody titers, and animals immunized with a combination of CDV attachment protein- and fusion protein-expressing recombinant viruses were protected from lethal CDV challenge. However, animals that were immunized with only a RABV expressing the attachment protein of CDV vaccine strain Onderstepoort succumbed to infection with a more recent wild-type strain, indicating that immune responses to the more conserved fusion protein contribute to protection against heterologous CDV strains.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>Rabies virus and canine distemper virus (CDV) cause high mortality rates and death in many carnivores. While rabies vaccines are inactivated and thus have an excellent safety profile and high stability, live-attenuated CDV vaccines can retain residual virulence in highly susceptible species. Here we generated recombinant inactivated rabies viruses that carry one of the CDV glycoproteins on their surface. Ferrets immunized twice with a mix of recombinant rabies viruses carrying the CDV fusion and attachment glycoproteins were protected from lethal CDV challenge, whereas all animals that received recombinant rabies viruses carrying only the CDV attachment protein according to the same immunization scheme died. Irrespective of the CDV antigens used, all animals developed protective titers against rabies virus, illustrating that a bivalent rabies virus-based vaccine against CDV induces protective immune responses against both pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02077-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,2]],"date-time":"2017-02-02T01:50:18Z","timestamp":1486000218000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Inactivated Recombinant Rabies Viruses Displaying Canine Distemper Virus Glycoproteins Induce Protective Immunity against Both Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Renata","family":"da Fontoura Budaszewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"},{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Hudacek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bevan","family":"Sawatsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), TTU Emerging Infections, Langen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Kr\u00e4mer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangping","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9040-9405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias J.","family":"Schnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3972-8723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika","family":"von Messling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), TTU Emerging Infections, Langen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/379441a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00410-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.11.0509"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00702-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2105.141920"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.11.4.835-844.1975"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1702(94)90025-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1976.169.09.961","article-title":"Fatal vaccine-induced canine distemper virus infection in black-footed ferrets","volume":"169","author":"Carpenter JW","year":"1976","unstructured":"Carpenter JW Appel MJ Erickson RC Novilla NM . 1976. 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