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Although smallpox vaccination is no longer in place in the overall population, the use of vaccinia virus in the development of viral vector-based vaccines has become popular. Nonetheless, different vaccinia virus strains are known and induce different immune responses. To look into this, we compared immune responses triggered by mouse infections with the nonreplicative MVA strain, the attenuated Lister strain, or the virulent WR strain. We observed that the WR strain was capable of downmodulating mouse cell responses, whereas the highly attenuated MVA strain induced high levels of cell-mediated immunity. Infections by the intermediately attenuated Lister strain induced cell responses that were intermediary between those induced by WR and MVA. We propose that the virulence of a vaccinia virus strain is directly proportional to its ability to downmodulate specific compartments of antiviral cell responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02191-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]],"date-time":"2018-12-20T11:13:16Z","timestamp":1545304396000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Virulence of Different Vaccinia Virus Strains Is Directly Proportional to Their Ability To Downmodulate Specific Cell-Mediated Immune Compartments\n            <i>In Vivo<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Lorena F. 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