{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:58:20Z","timestamp":1791946700510,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Coronaviruses have undergone evolutionary changes and mutations in response to the immune pressures exerted by vaccines and environmental factors, resulting in more severe consequences during breakthrough infections. Nevertheless, the specific correlation between the evolutionary mutations of coronaviruses and immune pressures remains ambiguous. Swine coronavirus\u2014porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)\u2014has existed for decades. This study utilized\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      preparation of polyclonal antibodies against the PEDV and identified critical neutralizing epitopes through serial\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      passaging. Then, the recombinant mutated strains were successfully constructed.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      experiments confirmed the ability of the rA1273P strain to escape neutralization by polyclonal antibodies. Both\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      cell studies and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      animal experiments revealed that the strain maintains virulence and pathogenicity while evading antibody pressure post-vaccination. The pathogenicity of the strain while evading immune pressure is comparable to wild-type strains. A comparison of the S protein gene between vaccine strains and clinical strains identified mutations in 1273 amino acid positions in clinical strains. In conclusion, this study identified a novel PEDV S protein neutralizing site under immune pressure through serial passaging, indicating that the 1,273th amino acid position is prone to mutation under prolonged antibody pressure, enhancing the virus\u2019s ability to escape hosts. This study offers new insights into the interpretation of coronavirus escape immune pressure and provides technical support for monitoring and predicting the variation and evolution of coronavirus.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Coronaviruses represent an ongoing public health threat because of high variability. Since 2010, the emergence of highly pathogenic porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strains has resulted in significant economic losses to the global pig industry. PEDV undergoes evolution and mutation under external immune pressure, rendering it an increasingly challenging target for prevention and control measures. Here, we prepared the polyclonal antibodies against PEDV and identified a novel neutralization epitope on the S protein (1,273th amino acids) through serial\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                        passaging. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the mutation of A1273P in the S protein did not alter the virulence of the PEDV but significantly enhanced its ability to escape and infect the host\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                        and\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                        . Finally, we found that the 1,273 amino acid position of the S gene has been mutated to varying degrees in clinical PEDV strains. This work provides a specific correlation between the evolutionary mutations of coronaviruses and immune pressures.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02193-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T09:03:06Z","timestamp":1744794186000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Molecular characteristics of the immune escape of coronavirus PEDV under the pressure of vaccine immunity"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0612-8924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunchuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key 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