{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T10:29:24Z","timestamp":1758709764805},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]],"date-time":"2008-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1217548800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The frequency that multiple different subtypes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) simultaneously infect a given individual is controversial. To address this question, heteroduplex mobility analysis (HMA) of portions of the HCV core and envelope 1 region was optimized for sensitive and specific detection of mixtures of HCV genomes of different genotype or subtype. Using the standard HCV genotyping approach of 5\u2032-untranslated region (UTR) analysis, 28 of 374 (7.5%) chronic hepatitis C research subjects were classified as having either multiple-subtype HCV infections (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 21) or switching HCV subtypes over time (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 7), the latter pattern implying viral superinfection. Upon retesting of specimens by HMA, 25 of 28 multiple-subtype results could not be reproduced. All three patients with positive results were injection drug users with potential multiple HCV exposures. To address the hypothesis of tissue sequestration of multiple-subtype HCV infections, liver (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 22), peripheral blood mononuclear cell (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 13), perihepatic lymph node (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 16), and serum (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 19) specimens from 23 subjects with end-stage hepatitis C were collected and analyzed by the HMA technique. Whereas 5\u2032-UTR results implicated mixed-subtype HCV infections in 2 subjects, HMA testing revealed no evidence of a second HCV subtype in any tissue compartment (0 of 70 compartments [0%]) or within any given subject (0 of 23 subjects [0%]). In summary, a large proportion of mixed-genotype and switching-genotype patterns generated by 5\u2032-UTR analysis were not reproducible using the HMA approach, emphasizing the need for additional study.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02220-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,22]],"date-time":"2008-05-22T00:54:00Z","timestamp":1211417640000},"page":"7524-7532","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Investigation of Putative Multisubtype Hepatitis C Virus Infections In Vivo by Heteroduplex Mobility Analysis of Core\/Envelope Subgenomes"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Laboratory Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa V.","family":"Thomassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayaz","family":"Majid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arctic Investigators Unit, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Bruden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arctic Investigators Unit, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"McArdle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Laboratory Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nazneen","family":"Bano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Laboratory Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minjun","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Laboratory Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Carithers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James D.","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Laboratory Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Gretch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Laboratory Medicine"},{"name":"Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007259"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908193410802"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007262"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.17.8234"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02463-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.9.3127-3134.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.3.1091-1100.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-76-5-1197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840140603"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5464.339"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.052712599"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.10.5170-5183.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"192","volume":"30","year":"1998","unstructured":"Holland, J., I. 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