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We found that the CpG ODN-adjuvanted vaccine effectively increased antibody production and activated type I interferon (IFN) responses compared to vaccine alone. Based on these findings, pegylated IFN-\u03b12b (PEG-IFN) was also evaluated as an adjuvant in comparison to CpG ODN and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Our results showed that all three vaccines with adjuvant added prevented seasonal human A\/Brisbane\/59\/2007 (H1N1) virus replication more effectively than did vaccine alone. Gene expression profiles indicated that, as well as upregulating IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), CpG ODN enhanced B-cell activation and increased Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) expression, whereas PEG-IFN augmented adaptive immunity by inducing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) transcription and Ras signaling. In contrast, the use of CFA as an adjuvant induced limited ISG expression but increased the transcription of MHC, cell adhesion molecules, and B-cell activation markers. Taken together, our results better characterize the specific molecular pathways leading to adjuvant activity in different adjuvant-mediated influenza virus vaccinations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02305-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,10]],"date-time":"2010-06-10T02:38:38Z","timestamp":1276137518000},"page":"8369-8388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Molecular Characterization of<i>In Vivo<\/i>Adjuvant Activity in Ferrets Vaccinated against Influenza Virus"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health 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