{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T04:12:36Z","timestamp":1758946356374},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]],"date-time":"2011-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) is a gammaretrovirus linked to prostate carcinoma and chronic fatigue syndrome. Here we report that NF-\u03baB activation can markedly increase XMRV production. The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), which activates NF-\u03baB, significantly augmented viral Gag protein production in XMRV-infected cells. Reporter assays showed that TNF-\u03b1 and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), an intrinsic NF-\u03baB activator, increased long terminal repeat (LTR)-dependent XMRV transcription. We identified two NF-\u03baB binding sites (designated \u03baB-1 and \u03baB-2) in the LTR U3 region of XMRV and demonstrated that both sites bind to the NF-\u03baB component p65\/RelA. Mutation of the \u03baB-1 site, but not the \u03baB-2 site, impaired responsiveness to TNF-\u03b1 and LMP1 in reporter assays. A mutant XMRV with a mutation at the \u03baB-1 site replicated significantly less efficiently than the wild-type XMRV in the prostate carcinoma LNCaP, DU145, and PC-3 cell lines, HEK293 cells, the EBV-immortalized cell line IB4, and the Burkitt's lymphoma cell line BJAB. These results demonstrate that TNF-\u03b1 and EBV LMP1 enhance XMRV replication in prostate carcinoma and B-lineage cells through the \u03baB-1 site in the XMRV LTR, suggesting that inflammation, EBV infection, and other conditions leading to NF-\u03baB activation may promote XMRV spread in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02333-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,27]],"date-time":"2011-01-27T02:25:18Z","timestamp":1296095118000},"page":"3179-3186","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["NF-\u03baB Activation Stimulates Transcription and Replication of Retrovirus XMRV in Human B-Lineage and Prostate Carcinoma Cells"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Shuhei","family":"Sakakibara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaori","family":"Sakakibara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Tosato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.3.11.1689"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.10.4340.bloodjournal87104340"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/657167"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.4.1385"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(99)00156-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/656146"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2007.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2090"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610291104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01763-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008519"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2008.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-7-96"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"953","volume":"121","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fukuda, K., et al. 1994. 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