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These potential advantages of DNA vaccines remain unrealized due to a lack of efficacy in large animal studies and in human trials. Questions remain regarding the potential utility of cellular immune responses against influenza virus in primates. In this study, by construct optimization and in vivo electroporation of synthetic DNA-encoded antigens, we observed the induction of cross-reactive cellular and humoral immune responses individually capable of providing protection from influenza virus infection in the rhesus macaque. These studies advance the DNA vaccine field and provide a novel, more tolerable vaccine with broad immunogenicity to avian influenza virus. This approach appears important for further investigation, including studies with humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02335-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,12]],"date-time":"2009-02-12T05:00:28Z","timestamp":1234414828000},"page":"4624-4630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Electroporation of Synthetic DNA Antigens Offers Protection in Nonhuman Primates Challenged with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Dominick J.","family":"Laddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir S.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VGX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas 77381"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanne","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioqual, Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20850"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Cohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioqual, Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20850"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Greenhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioqual, Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20850"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioqual, Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20850"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jody","family":"Manischewitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Division of Viral Products, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa R.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Division of Viral Products, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Golding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Division of Viral Products, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruxandra","family":"Draghia-Akli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VGX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas 77381"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Weiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.7.7.1085"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.5.2888"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1408.071313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"1204","volume":"46","year":"1997","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1997. 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