{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T01:59:55Z","timestamp":1787795995941,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]],"date-time":"2017-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497484800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30GM110670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30GM110670"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Vaccination remains the best option to combat equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infection, and several different strategies of vaccination have been investigated and developed over the past few decades. Herein, we report that the live-attenuated herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) VC2 vaccine strain, which has been shown to be unable to enter into neurons and establish latency in mice, can be utilized as a vector for the heterologous expression of EHV-1 glycoprotein D (gD) and that the intramuscular immunization of mice results in strong antiviral humoral and cellular immune responses. The VC2\u2013EHV-1\u2013gD recombinant virus was constructed by inserting an EHV-1 gD expression cassette under the control of the cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter into the VC2 vector in place of the HSV-1 thymidine kinase (UL23) gene. The vaccines were introduced into mice through intramuscular injection. Vaccination with both the VC2\u2013EHV-1\u2013gD vaccine and the commercially available vaccine Vetera EHV\n            <jats:sup>XP<\/jats:sup>\n            1\/4 (Vetera; Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica) resulted in the production of neutralizing antibodies, the levels of which were significantly higher in comparison to those in VC2- and mock-vaccinated animals (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.01 or\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.001). Analysis of EHV-1-reactive IgG subtypes demonstrated that vaccination with the VC2\u2013EHV-1\u2013gD vaccine stimulated robust IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies after three vaccinations (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.001). Interestingly, Vetera-vaccinated mice produced significantly higher levels of IgM than mice in the other groups before and after challenge (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.01 or\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.05). Vaccination with VC2\u2013EHV-1\u2013gD stimulated strong cellular immune responses, characterized by the upregulation of both interferon- and tumor necrosis factor-positive CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells and CD8\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells. Overall, the data suggest that the HSV-1 VC2 vaccine strain may be used as a viral vector for the vaccination of horses as well as, potentially, for the vaccination of other economically important animals.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            A novel virus-vectored VC2\u2013EHV-1\u2013gD vaccine was constructed using the live-attenuated HSV-1 VC2 vaccine strain. This vaccine stimulated strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, suggesting that it could protect horses against EHV-1 infection.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02445-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,13]],"date-time":"2017-04-13T00:50:15Z","timestamp":1492044615000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Intramuscular Immunization of Mice with the Live-Attenuated Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Vaccine Strain VC2 Expressing Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) Glycoprotein D Generates Anti-EHV-1 Immune Responses in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Shiliang A.","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent A.","family":"Stanfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir N.","family":"Chouljenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Naidu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingeborg","family":"Langohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 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