{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:15:24Z","timestamp":1791422124389,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Measles virus (MV) lacking expression of C protein (C\n            <jats:sup>KO<\/jats:sup>\n            ) is a potent activator of the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR), whereas the isogenic parental virus expressing C protein is not. Here, we demonstrate that significant amounts of dsRNA accumulate during C\n            <jats:sup>KO<\/jats:sup>\n            mutant infection but not following parental virus infection. dsRNA accumulated during late stages of infection and localized with virus replication sites containing N and P proteins. PKR autophosphorylation and stress granule formation correlated with the timing of dsRNA appearance. Phospho-PKR localized to dsRNA-containing structures as revealed by immunofluorescence. Production of dsRNA was sensitive to cycloheximide but resistant to actinomycin D, suggesting that dsRNA is a viral product. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses revealed reduced viral RNA synthesis and a steepened transcription gradient in C\n            <jats:sup>KO<\/jats:sup>\n            virus-infected cells compared to those in parental virus-infected cells. The observed alterations were further reflected in lower viral protein expression levels and reduced C\n            <jats:sup>KO<\/jats:sup>\n            virus infectious yield. RNA deep sequencing confirmed the viral RNA expression profile differences seen by qPCR between C\n            <jats:sup>KO<\/jats:sup>\n            mutant and parental viruses. After one subsequent passage of the C\n            <jats:sup>KO<\/jats:sup>\n            virus, defective interfering RNA (DI-RNA) with a duplex structure was obtained that was not seen with the parental virus. We conclude that in the absence of C protein, the amount of PKR activator RNA, including DI-RNA, is increased, thereby triggering innate immune responses leading to impaired MV growth.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02572-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,24]],"date-time":"2013-10-24T01:51:50Z","timestamp":1382579510000},"page":"456-468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Measles Virus C Protein Impairs Production of Defective Copyback Double-Stranded Viral RNA and Activation of Protein Kinase R"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Christian K.","family":"Pfaller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monte J.","family":"Radeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Cattaneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles E.","family":"Samuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA"},{"name":"Biomolecular Sciences and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"1551","volume-title":"Fields virology","author":"Griffin DE","year":"2007","unstructured":"GriffinDE. 2007. 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