{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:40:58Z","timestamp":1792633258963,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a frequently fatal disease caused by uncontrolled polyomavirus JC (JCV) in severely immunodeficient patients. We investigated the JCV-specific cellular and humoral immunity in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. We identified PML cases (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 29), as well as three matched controls per case (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 87), with prospectively cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma at diagnosis. Nested controls were matched according to age, gender, CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T-cell count, and decline. Survivors (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 18) were defined as being alive for &gt;1 year after diagnosis. Using gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assays, we found that JCV-specific T-cell responses were lower in nonsurvivors than in their matched controls (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.08), which was highly significant for laboratory- and histologically confirmed PML cases (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.004). No difference was found between PML survivors and controls or for cytomegalovirus-specific T-cell responses. PML survivors showed significant increases in JCV-specific T cells (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.04) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.005). IgG responses in survivors were positively correlated with CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T-cell counts (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.049) and negatively with human immunodeficiency virus RNA loads (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.03). We conclude that PML nonsurvivors had selectively impaired JCV-specific T-cell responses compared to CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T-cell-matched controls and failed to mount JCV-specific antibody responses. JCV-specific T-cell and IgG responses may serve as prognostic markers for patients at risk.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02657-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,12]],"date-time":"2009-02-12T00:00:28Z","timestamp":1234396828000},"page":"4404-4411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["JC Virus-Specific Immune Responses in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Patients with Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Nina","family":"Khanna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Wolbers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas J.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Garzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital Geneva, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renaud A.","family":"Du Pasquier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Neurology and Immunology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph A.","family":"Fux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital and University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Vernazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital, CH-9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enos","family":"Bernasconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Regional Hospital, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Viscidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Battegay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans H.","family":"Hirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, 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