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However, mechanisms by which PV induces cell death in neuronal cells remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that PV infection of neuronal IMR5 cells induces cytochrome\n            <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n            release from mitochondria and loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, both of which are evidence of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. PV infection also activates Bax, a proapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family; this activation involves its conformational change and its redistribution from the cytosol to mitochondria. Neutralization of Bax by vMIA protein expression prevents cytochrome\n            <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n            release, consistent with a contribution of PV-induced Bax activation to mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. Interestingly, we also found that c-Jun NH\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            -terminal kinase (JNK) is activated soon after PV infection and that the PV-cell receptor interaction alone is sufficient to induce JNK activation. Moreover, the pharmacological inhibition of JNK by SP600125 inhibits Bax activation and cytochrome\n            <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n            release. This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of JNK-mediated Bax-dependent apoptosis in PV-infected cells. Our findings contribute to our understanding of poliomyelitis pathogenesis at the cellular level.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02690-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,10]],"date-time":"2007-05-10T00:39:06Z","timestamp":1178757546000},"page":"7504-7516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Poliovirus Induces Bax-Dependent Cell Death Mediated by c-Jun NH\n            <sub>2<\/sub>\n            -Terminal Kinase"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Autret","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologie des Virus Ente\u0301riques"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Martin-Latil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologie des Virus Ente\u0301riques"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Mousson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologie des Virus Ente\u0301riques"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aure\u0301lie","family":"Wirotius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologie des Virus Ente\u0301riques"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fre\u0301de\u0301ric","family":"Petit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unite\u0301 de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Arnoult","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unite\u0301 de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Colbe\u0300re-Garapin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologie des Virus Ente\u0301riques"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Je\u0301ro\u0302me","family":"Estaquier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unite\u0301 de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Blondel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologie des Virus Ente\u0301riques"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.12.5534-5541.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199909)59:1<122::AID-JMV20>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.9.1468"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112355200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401897101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.0043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2953-04.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.1.45-56.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.251194298"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"25","volume":"289","year":"2005","unstructured":"Blondel, B., F. 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