{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:12:32Z","timestamp":1787501552057,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,1]],"date-time":"2007-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1183248000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Woodchucks infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) are an excellent model for studying acute, self-limited and chronic hepadnaviral infections. Defects in the immunological response leading to chronicity are still unknown. Specific T-helper cell responses to WHV core and surface antigens (WHcAg and WHsAg, respectively) are associated with acute resolving infection; however, they are undetectable in chronic infection. Up to now, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses could not be determined in the woodchuck. In the present study, we detected virus-specific CTL responses by a CD107a degranulation assay. The splenocytes of woodchucks in the postacute phase of WHV infection (18 months postinfection) were isolated and stimulated with overlapping peptides covering the whole WHcAg. After 6 days, the cells were restimulated and stained for CD3 and CD107a. One peptide (c96-110) turned out to be accountable for T-cell expansion and CD107a staining. Later, we applied the optimized degranulation assay to study the kinetics of the T-cell response in acute WHV infection. We found a vigorous T-cell response against peptide c96-110 with peripheral blood cells beginning at the peak of viral load (week 5) and lasting up to 15 weeks postinfection. In contrast, there was no T-cell response against peptide c96-110 detectable in chronically WHV-infected animals. Thus, with this newly established flow cytometric degranulation assay, we detected for the first time virus-specific CTLs and determined one immunodominant epitope of WHcAg in the woodchuck.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02711-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,26]],"date-time":"2007-04-26T01:32:49Z","timestamp":1177551169000},"page":"7156-7163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Acute Resolving Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus (WHV) Infection Is Associated with a Strong Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Response to a Single WHV Core Peptide"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Ina","family":"Frank","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Budde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Fiedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uta","family":"Dahmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergei","family":"Viazov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengji","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulf","family":"Dittmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Roggendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.4.2376-2380.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.23.10445"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(03)00265-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.13.040195.000333"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.2.1274"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3442","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.10.3442","volume":"145","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ferrari, C., A. 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