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This lack of an animal model for HIV-1 studies prompted us to examine the susceptibility of feline cells in order to evaluate the cat (<jats:italic>Felis catus<\/jats:italic>) as an animal model for studying HIV-1. Here, we report that feline cell lines harbor multiple restrictions with respect to HIV-1 replication. The feline CD4 receptor does not permit virus infection. Feline T-cell lines MYA-1 and FeT-1C showed postentry restrictions resulting in low HIV-1 luciferase reporter activity and low expression of viral Gag-Pol proteins when pseudotyped vectors were used. Feline fibroblastic CrFK and KE-R cells, expressing human CD4 and CCR5, were very permissive for viral entry and HIV-long terminal repeat-driven expression but failed to support spreading infection. KE-R cells displayed a profound block with respect to release of HIV-1 particles. In contrast, CrFK cells allowed very efficient particle production; however, the CrFK cell-derived HIV-1 particles had low specific infectivity. We subsequently identified feline apolipoprotein B-editing catalytic polypeptide 3 (feAPOBEC3) proteins as active inhibitors of HIV-1 particle infectivity. CrFK cells express at least three different APOBEC3s: APOBEC3C, APOBEC3H, and APOBEC3CH. While the feAPOBEC3C did not significantly inhibit HIV-1, the feAPOBEC3H and feAPOBEC3CH induced G to A hypermutations of the viral cDNA and reduced the infectivity \u223c10- to \u223c40-fold.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02714-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,26]],"date-time":"2007-04-26T05:32:49Z","timestamp":1177565569000},"page":"7048-7060","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Multiple Restrictions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Feline Cells"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Carsten","family":"Mu\u0308nk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u0308rg","family":"Zielonka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannelore","family":"Constabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bjo\u0308rn-Philipp","family":"Kloke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Rengstl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Battenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Bonci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Pistello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Lo\u0308chelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis, Focus Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Cichutek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/363732a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6093251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.22.12537-12547.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-3-76"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.172384599"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.21.9868-9877.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.23.7056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.06.057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03493"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.162299499"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2006.00449.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381661a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(01)00217-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.3.1202-1207.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.1995.8.121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"55","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gajdusek, D. 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