{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T02:51:31Z","timestamp":1772679091597,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]],"date-time":"2016-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI11772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI11772"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC-100-2320-B-182-019-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC-100-2320-B-182-019-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 103-2321-B-182-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 103-2321-B-182-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012553","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BMRPC09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMRPC09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005795","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPD1D0041\u223c3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPD1D0041\u223c3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005795","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The NS1 protein encoded by influenza A virus antagonizes the interferon response through various mechanisms, including blocking cellular mRNA maturation by binding the cellular CPSF30 3\u2032 end processing factor and\/or suppressing the activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). In the present study, we identified two truncated NS1 proteins that are translated from internal AUGs at positions 235 and 241 of the NS1 open reading frame. We analyzed the cellular localization and function of the N-truncated NS1 proteins encoded by two influenza A virus strains, Udorn\/72\/H3N2 (Ud) and Puerto Rico\/8\/34\/H1N1 (PR8). The NS1 protein of PR8, but not Ud, inhibits the activation of IRF3, whereas the NS1 protein of Ud, but not PR8, binds CPSF30. The truncated PR8 NS1 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm, whereas the full-length PR8 NS1 protein is localized in the nucleus. The infection of cells with a PR8 virus expressing an NS1 protein containing mutations of the two in-frame AUGs results in both the absence of truncated NS1 proteins and the reduced inhibition of activation of IRF3 and beta interferon (IFN-\u03b2) transcription. The expression of the truncated PR8 NS1 protein by itself enhances the inhibition of the activation of IRF3 and IFN-\u03b2 transcription in Ud virus-infected cells. These results demonstrate that truncated PR8 NS1 proteins contribute to the inhibition of activation of this innate immune response. In contrast, the N-truncated NS1 proteins of the Ud strain, like the full-length NS1 protein, are localized in the nucleus, and mutation of the two in-frame AUGs has no effect on the activation of IRF3 and IFN-\u03b2 transcription.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Influenza A virus causes pandemics and annual epidemics in the human population. The viral NS1 protein plays a critical role in suppressing type I interferon expression. In the present study, we identified two novel truncated NS1 proteins that are translated from the second and third in-frame AUG codons in the NS1 open reading frame. The N-terminally truncated NS1 encoded by the H1N1 PR8 strain of influenza virus that suppresses IRF3 activation is localized primarily in the cytoplasm. We demonstrate that this truncated NS1 protein by itself enhances this suppression, demonstrating that some strains of influenza A virus express truncated forms of the NS1 protein that function in the inhibition of cytoplasmic antiviral events.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02843-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,25]],"date-time":"2016-02-25T04:14:07Z","timestamp":1456373647000},"page":"4696-4705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Role of N Terminus-Truncated NS1 Proteins of Influenza A Virus in Inhibiting IRF3 Activation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Rei-Lin","family":"Kuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Hsin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sue-Jane","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zong-Hua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guang-Wu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Kai","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Ren","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ee-Hong","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Nong","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Krug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shin-Ru","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Clinical Virology Laboratory, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1201-1306"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00826-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222213"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02656-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008024909222"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2012.38"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.4.2433-2441.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602184103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118636817.ch7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80099-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(02)00127-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00006-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00081-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00701-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.16.9345"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.3.1391-1399.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063431"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-014-0099-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01714-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2014.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02581-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.13.8431-8439.2005"}],"container-title":["Journal of Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.02843-15","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.02843-15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T14:20:08Z","timestamp":1646490008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JVI.02843-15"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"D. S.","family":"Lyles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JVI.02843-15"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.02843-15","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-538X","1098-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-538X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-11-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-02-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-04-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}