{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T13:41:31Z","timestamp":1792676491332,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,15]],"date-time":"2013-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging pathogen that is now the leading cause of mosquito-borne and epidemic encephalitis in the United States. In humans, a small percentage of infected individuals develop severe neuroinvasive disease, with the greatest relative risk being in the elderly and immunocompromised, two populations that are difficult to immunize effectively with vaccines. While inactivated and subunit-based veterinary vaccines against WNV exist, currently there is no vaccine or therapy available to prevent or treat human disease. Here, we describe the generation and preclinical efficacy of a hydrogen peroxide (H\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            O\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            )-inactivated WNV Kunjin strain (WNV-KUNV) vaccine as a candidate for further development. Both young and aged mice vaccinated with H\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            O\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            -inactivated WNV-KUNV produced robust adaptive B and T cell immune responses and were protected against stringent and lethal intracranial challenge with a heterologous virulent North American WNV strain. Our studies suggest that the H\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            O\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            -inactivated WNV-KUNV vaccine is safe and immunogenic and may be suitable for protection against WNV infection in vulnerable populations.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02903-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,6]],"date-time":"2012-12-06T03:32:58Z","timestamp":1354764778000},"page":"1926-1936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["A Hydrogen Peroxide-Inactivated Virus Vaccine Elicits Humoral and Cellular Immunity and Protects against Lethal West Nile Virus Infection in Aged Mice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Amelia K.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin M.","family":"Richner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Poore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naj\u00edt Technologies, Beaverton, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradnya P.","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naj\u00edt Technologies, Beaverton, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian J.","family":"Amanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naj\u00edt Technologies, Beaverton, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark K.","family":"Slifka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &amp; Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Diamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"},{"name":"Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"},{"name":"Pathology &amp; Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimated cumulative incidence of West Nile virus infection in US adults, 1999-2010","author":"Petersen LR","year":"2012","unstructured":"PetersenLR CarsonPJ BiggerstaffBJ CusterB BorchardtSM BuschMP. 2012. Estimated cumulative incidence of West Nile virus infection in US adults, 1999-2010. Epidemiol. Infect., p 1\u20135.","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05480-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313737"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990505"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806006339"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RizzoC\nSalcuniP\nNicolettiL\nCiufoliniMG\nRussoF\nMasalaR\nFrongiaO\nFinarelliAC\nGramegnaM\nGalloL\nPompaMG\nRezzaG\nSalmasoS\nDeclichS. 2012. Epidemiological surveillance of West Nile neuroinvasive diseases in Italy 2008 to 2011. Euro Surveill. 17(20):pii=20172. http:\/\/www.eurosurveillance.org\/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20172.","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.20.20172-en"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00249-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-9-2293"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82403-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1449"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5448.2333"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.24.13097-13100.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1204.051379"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.12.59"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1804.110771"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1102.041028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"85","article-title":"West Nile virus and other zoonotic viruses in Russia: examples of emerging-reemerging situations","author":"Lvov DK","year":"2004","unstructured":"LvovDK ButenkoAM GromashevskyVL KovtunovAI PrilipovAG KinneyR AristovaVA DzharkenovAF SamokhvalovEI SavageHM ShchelkanovMY GalkinaIV DeryabinPG GublerDJ KulikovaLN AlkhovskySK MoskvinaTM ZlobinaLV SadykovaGK ShatalovAG LvovDN UsachevVE VoroninaAG. 2004. 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