{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T07:38:31Z","timestamp":1792222711343,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]],"date-time":"2011-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1322697600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Continuous loss of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T lymphocytes and systemic immune activation are hallmarks of untreated chronic HIV-1 infection. Chronic immune activation during HIV-1 infection is characterized by increased expression of activation markers on T cells, elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and B cell hyperactivation together with hypergammaglobulinemia. Importantly, hyperactivation of T cells is one of the best predictive markers for progression toward AIDS, and it is closely linked to CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cell depletion and sustained viral replication. Aberrant activation of T cells is observed mainly for memory CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells and is documented, in addition to increased expression of surface activation markers, by increased cell cycling and apoptosis. Notably, the majority of these activated T cells are neither HIV specific nor HIV infected, and the antigen specificities of hyperactivated T cells are largely unknown, as are the exact mechanisms driving their activation. B cells are also severely affected by HIV-1 infection, which is manifested by major changes in B cell subpopulations, B cell hyperactivation, and hypergammaglobulinemia. Similar to those of T cells, the mechanisms underlying this aberrant B cell activation remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarized current knowledge about proposed antigen-dependent and -independent mechanisms leading to lymphocyte hyperactivation in the context of HIV-1 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.05607-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,18]],"date-time":"2011-08-18T00:59:43Z","timestamp":1313629183000},"page":"12102-12113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Antigen-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms of T and B Cell Hyperactivation during Chronic HIV-1 Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Haas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Oxenius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19110-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"261","article-title":"Different subsets of peripheral blood dendritic cells show distinct phenotypic and functional abnormalities in HIV-1 infection","volume":"19","author":"Almeida M.","year":"2005","unstructured":"AlmeidaM. CorderoM. AlmeidaJ. OrfaoA.. 2005. Different subsets of peripheral blood dendritic cells show distinct phenotypic and functional abnormalities in HIV-1 infection. AIDS 19:261\u2013271.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199803010-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2276"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.7.3408","article-title":"IL-15 promotes IL-12 production by human monocytes via T cell-dependent contact and may contribute to IL-12-mediated IFN-gamma secretion by CD4+ T cells in the absence of TCR ligation","volume":"161","author":"Avice M. N.","year":"1998","unstructured":"AviceM. N.. 1998. IL-15 promotes IL-12 production by human monocytes via T cell-dependent contact and may contribute to IL-12-mediated IFN-gamma secretion by CD4+ T cells in the absence of TCR ligation. J. Immunol. 161:3408\u20133415.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802596"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2006.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/345957"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199904)29:04<1209::AID-IMMU1209>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7690497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-11-3569"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1076071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.24.11983-11991.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-11-055764"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002961"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199607000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"3556","article-title":"Global genomic analysis reveals rapid control of a robust innate response in SIV-infected sooty mangabeys","volume":"119","author":"Bosinger S. E.","year":"2009","unstructured":"BosingerS. E.. 2009. Global genomic analysis reveals rapid control of a robust innate response in SIV-infected sooty mangabeys. J. Clin. Invest. 119:3556\u20133572.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-11-3355"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2007.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1511"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040874"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5863"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.3.1551"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810032105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199406000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939627"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636181"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","first-page":"220","article-title":"Apoptosis in HIV-1 infection","volume":"97","author":"Cotton M. F.","year":"1996","unstructured":"CottonM. F.. 1996. Apoptosis in HIV-1 infection. Behring Inst. Mitt. 97:220\u2013231.","journal-title":"Behring Inst. Mitt."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-09-3333"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-07-2375"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-04-216770"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181664b60"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.4.2410"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9465"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/417095a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018779"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/362359a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3000632"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.9.4621"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0295-129"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0909635"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.10.5393"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1993.tb00206.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.2001.5195"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(01)02028-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001915"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni743"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314660"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80093-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001801"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.9.3509","article-title":"Programmed cell death in peripheral lymphocytes from HIV-infected persons: increased susceptibility to apoptosis of CD4 and CD8 T cells correlates with lymphocyte activation and with disease progression","volume":"156","author":"Gougeon M. L.","year":"1996","unstructured":"GougeonM. L.. 1996. Programmed cell death in peripheral lymphocytes from HIV-infected persons: increased susceptibility to apoptosis of CD4 and CD8 T cells correlates with lymphocyte activation and with disease progression. J. Immunol. 156:3509\u20133520. inelevel1","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.11.6314"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1380"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.21.11708-11717.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.7.3699"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201000075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.224774"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.9.3789"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.10.7103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.3.772"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.12.8212"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1111781"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/79724"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200309050-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.1.249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.7.3931"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80379-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/373123a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02801.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.7162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015924"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni911"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","first-page":"3544","article-title":"Nonpathogenic SIV infection of African green monkeys induces a strong but rapidly controlled type I IFN response","volume":"119","author":"Jacquelin B.","year":"2009","unstructured":"JacquelinB.. 2009. Nonpathogenic SIV infection of African green monkeys induces a strong but rapidly controlled type I IFN response. J. Clin. Invest. 119:3544\u20133555.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri853"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80056-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2006.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00492-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3681","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.8.3681","article-title":"IL-15 stimulates the expansion of AIDS virus-specific CTL","volume":"157","author":"Kanai T.","year":"1996","unstructured":"KanaiT. ThomasE. K. YasutomiY. LetvinN. L.. 1996. IL-15 stimulates the expansion of AIDS virus-specific CTL. J. Immunol. 157:3681\u20133687.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.4.1356"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.5.623"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.2.321"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.5.2085","article-title":"Memory, but not naive, peripheral blood B lymphocytes differentiate into Ig-secreting cells after CD40 ligation and costimulation with IL-4 and the differentiation factors IL-2, IL-10, and IL-3","volume":"159","author":"Kindler V.","year":"1997","unstructured":"KindlerV. ZublerR. H.. 1997. Memory, but not naive, peripheral blood B lymphocytes differentiate into Ig-secreting cells after CD40 ligation and costimulation with IL-4 and the differentiation factors IL-2, IL-10, and IL-3. J. Immunol. 159:2085\u20132090.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400171101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-101-4-421"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.12.1731"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198308253090803"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.3.1119","article-title":"Cutting edge: HIV-1 Tat protein differentially modulates the B cell response of naive, memory, and germinal center B cells","volume":"163","author":"Lefevre E. A.","year":"1999","unstructured":"LefevreE. A. KrzysiekR. LoretE. P. GalanaudP. RichardY.. 1999. Cutting edge: HIV-1 Tat protein differentially modulates the B cell response of naive, memory, and germinal center B cells. J. Immunol. 163:1119\u20131122.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1095"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.092675799"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.8.4320"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.2.1199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.12.5965"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/429298"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.3.937"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000131846.12453.29"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041196"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5354.1223"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.9.1277"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.5.637"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2524"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V92.10.3721.422k11_3721_3729"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80470-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/83381"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000852"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02771753"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.027854"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5338","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.10.5338","article-title":"Differentiation of naive CTL to effector and memory CTL: correlation of effector function with phenotype and cell division","volume":"161","author":"Oehen S.","year":"1998","unstructured":"OehenS. Brduscha-RiemK.. 1998. Differentiation of naive CTL to effector and memory CTL: correlation of effector function with phenotype and cell division. J. Immunol. 161:5338\u20135346.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1993.9.945"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1994.tb00867.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118831"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1991.tb08145.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1999.4494"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1993.tb05889.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","first-page":"85","article-title":"Lymphatic tissue changes in AIDS and other retrovirus infections: tools and insights","volume":"23","author":"Racz P.","year":"1990","unstructured":"RaczP.. 1990. Lymphatic tissue changes in AIDS and other retrovirus infections: tools and insights. Lymphology 23:85\u201391.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1679"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2922","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.9.2922","article-title":"Recombinant gp120 specifically enhances tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and Ig secretion in B lymphocytes from HIV-infected individuals but not from seronegative donors","volume":"147","author":"Rieckmann P.","year":"1991","unstructured":"RieckmannP. PoliG. FoxC. H. KehrlJ. H. FauciA. S.. 1991. Recombinant gp120 specifically enhances tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and Ig secretion in B lymphocytes from HIV-infected individuals but not from seronegative donors. J. Immunol. 147:2922\u20132927.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000233571.51899.ab"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.11.6388"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535744"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.45.1.70"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115621"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/430620"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(01)00158-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-06-1644"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.6.3400"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8073282"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(98)00119-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-02-335174"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01844-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1996.0148"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.2002.5238"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002810000028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.4.F9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01749"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200108)31:8<2256::AID-IMMU2256>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.2.686"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(98)00088-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.12.2089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5270.1947"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.3.1159"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5362.427"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.2.954"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119338"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.13.1473"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/088922204322996482"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1753"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45157"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir165"}],"container-title":["Journal of Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.05607-11","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.05607-11","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T07:43:15Z","timestamp":1712734995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JVI.05607-11"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"references-count":157,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JVI.05607-11"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.05607-11","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-538X","1098-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-538X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-11-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}