{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T23:33:19Z","timestamp":1781134399598,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,15]],"date-time":"2011-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1321315200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 (H1N1pdm) virus was generated by reassortment of swine influenza viruses of different lineages. This was the first influenza pandemic to emerge in over 4 decades and the first to occur after the realization that influenza pandemics arise from influenza viruses of animals. In order to understand the biological determinants of pandemic emergence, it is relevant to compare the tropism of different lineages of swine influenza viruses and reassortants derived from them with that of 2009 pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm) and seasonal influenza H1N1 viruses in\n            <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            cultures of the human nasopharynx, bronchus, alveoli, and conjunctiva. We hypothesized that virus which can transmit efficiently between humans replicated well in the human upper airways. As previously reported, H1N1pdm and seasonal H1N1 viruses replicated efficiently in the nasopharyngeal, bronchial, and alveolar epithelium. In contrast, representative viruses from the classical swine (CS) (H1N1) lineage could not infect human respiratory epithelium; Eurasian avian-like swine (EA) (H1N1) viruses only infected alveolar epithelium and North American triple-reassortant (TRIG) viruses only infected the bronchial epithelium albeit inefficiently. Interestingly, a naturally occurring triple-reassortant swine virus, A\/SW\/HK\/915\/04 (H1N2), with a matrix gene segment of EA swine derivation (i.e., differing from H1N1pdm only in lacking a neuraminidase [NA] gene of EA derivation) readily infected and replicated in human nasopharyngeal and bronchial epithelia but not in the lung. A recombinant sw915 with the NA from H1N1pdm retained its tropism for the bronchus and acquired additional replication competence for alveolar epithelium. In contrast to H1N1pdm, none of the swine viruses tested nor seasonal H1N1 had tropism in human conjunctiva. Recombinant viruses generated by swapping the surface proteins (hemagglutinin and NA) of H1N1pdm and seasonal H1N1 virus demonstrated that these two gene segments together are key determinants of conjunctival tropism. Overall, these findings suggest that\n            <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            cultures of the human respiratory tract provide a useful biological model for assessing the human health risk of swine influenza viruses.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.05662-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T11:10:20Z","timestamp":1314875420000},"page":"11581-11587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Tissue Tropism of Swine Influenza Viruses and Reassortants in\n            <i>Ex Vivo<\/i>\n            Cultures of the Human Respiratory Tract and Conjunctiva"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Renee W. Y.","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara S. R.","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Ling","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan C. L.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynsia L. S.","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy C. L.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kit M.","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Icarus W. W.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana D. Y.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wico W.","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Eye Institute, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dora L. W.","family":"Kwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan D. L.","family":"Sihoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo L. M.","family":"Poon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Nicholls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. S. Malik","family":"Peiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C. W.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.091087"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0903810"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176225"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00159-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-147"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1529"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1604.091636"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.20.9679-9686.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/440435a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08182"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1189132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/656740"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1111000108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811052106"}],"container-title":["Journal of Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.05662-11","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.05662-11","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T16:21:01Z","timestamp":1646497261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JVI.05662-11"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,15]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JVI.05662-11"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.05662-11","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-538X","1098-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-538X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-07-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-08-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-10-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}