{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T02:18:06Z","timestamp":1793326686459,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,15]],"date-time":"2011-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1323907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne human and veterinary pathogen causing large outbreaks of severe disease throughout Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Safe and effective vaccines are critically needed, especially those that can be used in a targeted one-health approach to prevent both livestock and human disease. We report here on the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the \u0394NSs-\u0394NSm recombinant RVFV (rRVFV) vaccine (which lacks the NSs and NSm virulence factors) in a total of 41 sheep, including 29 timed-pregnant ewes. This vaccine was proven safe and immunogenic for adult animals at doses ranging from 1.0 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>to 1.0 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>PFU administered subcutaneously (s.c.). Pregnant animals were vaccinated with 1.0 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>PFU s.c. at day 42 of gestation, when fetal sensitivity to RVFV vaccine-induced teratogenesis is highest. No febrile reactions, clinical illness, or pregnancy loss was observed following vaccination. Vaccination resulted in a rapid increase in anti-RVFV IgM (day 4) and IgG (day 7) titers. No seroconversion occurred in cohoused control animals. A subset of 20 ewes progressed to full-term delivery after vaccination. All lambs were born without musculoskeletal, neurological, or histological birth defects. Vaccine efficacy was assessed in 9 pregnant animals challenged at day 122 of gestation with virulent RVFV (1.0 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>PFU intravenously). Following challenge, 100% (9\/9) of the animals were protected, progressed to full term, and delivered healthy lambs. As expected, all 3 sham-vaccinated controls experienced viremia, fetal death, and abortion postchallenge. These results demonstrate that the \u0394NSs-\u0394NSm rRVFV vaccine is safe and nonteratogenic and confers high-level protection in sheep.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.06046-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,6]],"date-time":"2011-10-06T05:58:09Z","timestamp":1317880689000},"page":"12901-12909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Rift Valley Fever Virus Vaccine Lacking the NSs and NSm Genes Is Safe, Nonteratogenic, and Confers Protection from Viremia, Pyrexia, and Abortion following Challenge in Adult and Pregnant Sheep"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Brian H.","family":"Bird","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis H.","family":"Maartens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deltamune (Pty) Ltd., Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, University of California, Davis, Davis, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baltus J.","family":"Erasmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deltamune (Pty) Ltd., Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, University of California, Davis, Davis, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bobbie R.","family":"Erickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly A.","family":"Dodd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina F.","family":"Spiropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Cannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clifton P.","family":"Drew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Knust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita K.","family":"McElroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina L.","family":"Khristova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Core Facility, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar G.","family":"Albari\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart T.","family":"Nichol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 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