{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:35:30Z","timestamp":1789425330505,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]],"date-time":"2012-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1333238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) recently became endemic in the United States and is a significant cause of human morbidity and mortality. Natural WNV strain infections do not induce stress granules (SGs), while W956IC (a lineage 2\/1 chimeric WNV infectious clone) virus infections produce high levels of early viral RNA and efficiently induce SGs through protein kinase R (PKR) activation. Additional WNV chimeric viruses made by replacing one or more W956IC genes with the lineage 1 Eg101 equivalent in the W956IC backbone were analyzed. The Eg-NS4b+5, Eg-NS1+3+4a, and Eg-NS1+4b+5 chimeras produced low levels of viral RNA at early times of infection and inefficiently induced SGs, suggesting the possibility that interactions between viral nonstructural proteins and\/or between viral nonstructural proteins and cell proteins are involved in suppressing early viral RNA synthesis and membrane remodeling during natural WNV strain infections. Detection of exposed viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in W956IC-infected cells suggested that the enhanced early viral RNA synthesis surpassed the available virus-induced membrane protection and allowed viral dsRNA to activate PKR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.06549-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,19]],"date-time":"2012-01-19T06:01:50Z","timestamp":1326952910000},"page":"3647-3657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["West Nile Virus Infections Suppress Early Viral RNA Synthesis and Avoid Inducing the Cell Stress Granule Response"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"S. C.","family":"Courtney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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