{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:53:11Z","timestamp":1791355991945,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Breast feeding reduces the risk of developing severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in infants. In addition to maternal antibodies, other immune-modulating factors in human milk contribute to this protection. Specific dietary prebiotic oligosaccharides, similar to oligosaccharides present in human milk, were evaluated in a C57BL\/6 mouse RSV infection model. During primary RSV infection, increased numbers of RSV-specific CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells producing gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) were found in the lungs at days 8 to 10 postinfection in mice receiving diet containing short-chain galactooligosacharides, long-chain fructooligosaccharides, and pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides (termed scGOS\/lcFOS\/pAOS). In a Th2-skewed formalin-inactivated (FI)-RSV vaccination model, the prebiotic diet reduced RSV-specific Th2 cytokine (interleukin-4 [IL-4], IL-5, and IL-13)-producing CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells in the lung and the magnitude of airway eosinophilia at day 4 and 6 after infection. This was accompanied by a decreased influx of inflammatory dendritic cells (CD11b\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            \/CD11c\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            ) and increased numbers of IFN-\u03b3-producing CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            and CD8\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells at day 8 after viral challenge. These findings suggest that specific dietary oligosaccharides can influence trafficking and\/or effector functions of innate immune, CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            , and CD8\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cell subsets in the lungs of RSV-infected mice. In our models, scGOS\/lcFOS\/pAOS had no effect on weight but increased viral clearance in FI-RSV-vaccinated mice 8 days after infection. The increased systemic Th1 responses potentiated by scGOS\/lcFOS\/pAOS might contribute to an accelerated Th1\/Th2 shift of the neonatal immune system, which might favor protective immunity against viral infections with a high attack rate in early infancy, such as RSV.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.06708-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,16]],"date-time":"2012-08-16T02:02:53Z","timestamp":1345082573000},"page":"11472-11482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Specific Dietary Oligosaccharides Increase Th1 Responses in a Mouse Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Model"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Marcel A.","family":"Schijf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Danone Research\u2013Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debby","family":"Kruijsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Bastiaans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Danone Research\u2013Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank E. 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