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We now present evidence that PTX-B also affects a postentry step of HIV-1 replication. While PTX-B inhibited fusion induced by R5 but not that induced by X4 envelopes, it blocked infection of T cells with recombinant HIV-1 particles pseudotyped with R5, X4, and even murine leukemia virus or vesicular stomatitis virus envelopes. It also suppressed HIV-1 RNA synthesis in cultures of infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells when new infections had been inhibited by zidovudine, and it reduced Tat-dependent expression of the luciferase reporter gene controlled by the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR). Surprisingly, PTX-B did not affect expression from the cytomegalovirus promoter, nor did it reduce the basal (Tat-independent) expression from the LTR promoter. These results indicate that PTX-B inhibits HIV-1 infection at both the entry and the postentry stages of viral replication, with the postentry activity specifically affecting transcription or stability of Tat-stimulated HIV-1 mRNAs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.74.18.8767-8770.2000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:55:53Z","timestamp":1027763753000},"page":"8767-8770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The B-Oligomer of Pertussis Toxin Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication at Multiple Stages"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Massimo","family":"Alfano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->The Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030,1 and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2--> AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy2"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Pushkarsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->The Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030,1 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Poli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2--> AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy2"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Bukrinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->The Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030,1 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.5.597"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.8.5487-5494.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8673"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/16.15.4606"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.19.9004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.4.621"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381667a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.11.6854"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.21.8122"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.10.5061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.6.5251-5255.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.8.3740-3751.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/088922200309250"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1999.1206"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"67","article-title":"Regulation of HIV-1 transcription","volume":"8","author":"Roebuck K. 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