{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:45:22Z","timestamp":1793123122136,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,15]],"date-time":"2002-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1011052800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            In vitro studies show that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) does not replicate in freshly isolated monocytes unless monocytes differentiate to monocyte-derived macrophages. Similarly, HIV-1 may replicate in macrophages in vivo, whereas it is unclear whether blood monocytes are permissive to productive infection with HIV-1. We investigated HIV-1 replication in CD14\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            monocytes and resting and activated CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells by measuring the levels of cell-associated viral DNA and mRNA and the genetic evolution of HIV-1 in seven acutely infected patients whose plasma viremia had been &lt;100 copies\/ml for 803 to 1,544 days during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HIV-1 DNA was detected in CD14\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            monocytes as well as in activated and resting CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells throughout the course of study. While significant variation in the decay slopes of HIV-1 DNA was seen among individual patients, viral decay in CD14\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            monocytes was on average slower than that in activated and resting CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells. Measurements of HIV-1 sequence evolution and the concentrations of unspliced and multiply spliced mRNA provided evidence of ongoing HIV-1 replication, more pronounced in CD14\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            monocytes than in resting CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells. Phylogenetic analyses of HIV-1 sequences indicated that after prolonged HAART, viral populations related or identical to those found only in CD14\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            monocytes were seen in plasma from three of the seven patients. In the other four patients, HIV-1 sequences in plasma and the three cell populations were identical. CD14\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            monocytes appear to be one of the potential in vivo sources of HIV-1 in patients receiving HAART.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.76.2.707-716.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:55:53Z","timestamp":1027763753000},"page":"707-716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":258,"title":["Evidence for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication In Vivo in CD14\n            <sup>+<\/sup>\n            Monocytes and Its Potential Role as a Source of Virus in Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Tuofu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Laboratory Medicine"},{"name":"Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Muthui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Laboratory Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Holte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programs in Biostatistics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Nickle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Laboratory Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Brodie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Laboratory Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yon","family":"Hwangbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Laboratory Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James I.","family":"Mullins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Laboratory Medicine"},{"name":"Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Corey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Laboratory Medicine"},{"name":"Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.62.1.138"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"23","volume":"12","year":"1998","unstructured":"Aquaro, S., R. 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