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Under some circumstances, the converse may also be true: more slowly replicating viruses may evoke weaker cellular immune responses and therefore enhance their likelihood of persistence. Using the model of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in mice, we provide evidence that slowly replicating strains induce weaker cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses than a more rapidly replicating strain. Conceptually, we show a \u201cbell-shaped\u201d relationship between the LCMV growth rate and the peak CTL response. Quantitative analysis of human hepatitis C virus infections suggests that a reduction in virus growth rate between patients during the incubation period is associated with a spectrum of disease outcomes, from fulminant hepatitis at the highest rate of viral replication through acute resolving to chronic persistence at the lowest rate. A mathematical model for virus-CTL population dynamics (analogous to predator [CTL]-prey [virus] interactions) is applied in the clinical data-driven analysis of acute hepatitis B virus infection. The speed of viral replication, through its stimulus of host CTL responses, represents an important factor influencing the pathogenesis and duration of virus persistence within the human host. Viruses with lower growth rates may persist in the host because they \u201csneak through\u201d immune surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.78.5.2247-2254.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,13]],"date-time":"2004-02-13T00:04:13Z","timestamp":1076630653000},"page":"2247-2254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Underwhelming the Immune Response: Effect of Slow Virus Growth on CD8<sup>+<\/sup>-T-Lymphocyte Responses"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Gennady","family":"Bocharov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, University of London"},{"name":"Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burkhard","family":"Ludewig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zu\u0308rich, Zu\u0308rich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Bertoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hepatology, University College London, London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Klenerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Junt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zu\u0308rich, Zu\u0308rich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Krebs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zu\u0308rich, Zu\u0308rich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatyana","family":"Luzyanina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristophe","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, University of London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy M.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, University of London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5284.94"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.22.10304-10311.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(91)90018-U"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(73)90036-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.15.7059-7066.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"194","volume":"34","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brechot, C., V. 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