{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:14:47Z","timestamp":1791404087966,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,15]],"date-time":"2004-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1079308800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The recognition that AIDS originated as a zoonosis heightens public health concerns associated with human infection by simian retroviruses endemic in nonhuman primates (NHPs). These retroviruses include simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV), simian type D retrovirus (SRV), and simian foamy virus (SFV). Although occasional infection with SIV, SRV, or SFV in persons occupationally exposed to NHPs has been reported, the characteristics and significance of these zoonotic infections are not fully defined. Surveillance for simian retroviruses at three research centers and two zoos identified no SIV, SRV, or STLV infection in 187 participants. However, 10 of 187 persons (5.3%) tested positive for SFV antibodies by Western blot (WB) analysis. Eight of the 10 were males, and 3 of the 10 worked at zoos. SFV integrase gene (\n                    <jats:italic>int<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:italic>gag<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequences were PCR amplified from the peripheral blood lymphocytes available from 9 of the 10 persons. Phylogenetic analysis showed SFV infection originating from chimpanzees (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 8) and baboons (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1). SFV seropositivity for periods of 8 to 26 years (median, 22 years) was documented for six workers for whom archived serum samples were available, demonstrating long-standing SFV infection. All 10 persons reported general good health, and secondary transmission of SFV was not observed in three wives available for WB and PCR testing. Additional phylogenetic analysis of\n                    <jats:italic>int<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>gag<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequences provided the first direct evidence identifying the source chimpanzees of the SFV infection in two workers. This study documents more frequent infection with SFV than with other simian retroviruses in persons working with NHPs and provides important information on the natural history and species origin of these infections. Our data highlight the importance of studies to better define the public health implications of zoonotic SFV infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.78.6.2780-2789.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,27]],"date-time":"2004-02-27T16:47:38Z","timestamp":1077900458000},"page":"2780-2789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":195,"title":["Frequent Simian Foamy Virus Infection in Persons Occupationally Exposed to Nonhuman Primates"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"William M.","family":"Switzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Retrovirology Branch"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinod","family":"Bhullar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Retrovirology Branch"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vedapuri","family":"Shanmugam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Retrovirology Branch"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mian-er","family":"Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Retrovirology Branch"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharat","family":"Parekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Immunology and Diagnostics Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas W.","family":"Lerche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simian Retrovirus Laboratory, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8542"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JoAnn L.","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simian Retrovirus Laboratory, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8542"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Ely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Bioqual, Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20850"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roumiana","family":"Boneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Retrovirology Branch"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louisa E.","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Retrovirology Branch"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Folks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Retrovirology Branch"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walid","family":"Heneine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Retrovirology Branch"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"299","volume":"46","year":"1971","unstructured":"Achong, B. 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Epidemiology and control of simian type D retrovirus infection in captive macaques, p. 439-448. In S. Matano, R. H. Tuttle, H. Ishida, and M. Goodman (ed.), Topics in primatology, vol. 3. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan.","journal-title":"Topics in primatology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.4.1783-1789.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/20094885"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.1.165-176.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5265.1167"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7915048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289809114225"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","unstructured":"National Research Council. 2003. Occupational health and safety in the care and use of nonhuman primates. 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