{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T02:23:18Z","timestamp":1793931798404,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,15]],"date-time":"2004-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1079308800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Noroviruses are genetically diverse, uncultivable, positive-sense RNA viruses and are the most common cause of epidemic acute gastroenteritis in humans in the United States. Recent studies of norovirus attachment in vitro by using recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) suggest that various norovirus strains exhibit different patterns of attachment to ABH histo-blood group antigens, which are carbohydrate epitopes present in high concentrations on mucosal cell surfaces of the gut. However, attachment of live norovirus strains to histo-blood group antigens has not been investigated to date. Utilizing a newly designed magnetic bead-virus capture method, we characterized histo-blood group antigen attachment properties of various norovirus strains obtained from clinical stool specimens to compare the attachment properties of wild-type virus and VLPs and to further map norovirus attachment. Consistent with previous reports using VLPs, various strains of noroviruses exhibited different patterns of attachment to histo- blood group antigens. Norwalk virus bound specifically to H type 1, H type 3, and Le\n            <jats:sup>b<\/jats:sup>\n            . Two genogroup II noroviruses, one representing the Toronto genotype and the other from a novel genotype, bound specifically to Le\n            <jats:sup>b<\/jats:sup>\n            . A Desert Shield-like strain did not attach to H types 1, 2, or 3, H type 1 and 3 precursors, Le\n            <jats:sup>a<\/jats:sup>\n            , or Le\n            <jats:sup>b<\/jats:sup>\n            . Surprisingly, wild-type Snow Mountain virus (SMV) attached specifically to H type 3, which contradicted previous findings with SMV VLPs. On further investigation, we found that stool components promote this attachment, providing the first known observation that one or more components of human feces could promote and enhance norovirus attachment to histo-blood group antigens.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.78.6.3035-3045.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,27]],"date-time":"2004-02-27T21:47:38Z","timestamp":1077918458000},"page":"3035-3045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Norovirus Capture with Histo-Blood Group Antigens Reveals Novel Virus-Ligand Interactions"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Patrick R.","family":"Harrington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Vinje\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine L.","family":"Moe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph S.","family":"Baric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315589"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0602.009918"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.6.6.610-617.1977"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.2.1345-1353.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.6.3023-3030.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.10.1.111-113.1979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.4.1830-1833.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.11.4676-4681.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"41","volume":"52","year":"2003","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2003. Norovirus activity\u2014United States, 2002. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.52:41-45.","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"1112","volume":"51","year":"2002","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2002. Outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with noroviruses on cruise ships\u2014United States, 2002. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.51:1112-1115.","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1665"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.39.3.816-822.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.13.6052-6061.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199802)54:2<135::AID-JMV11>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.12.3151-3157.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199702)51:2<115::AID-JMV5>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/341085"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314525"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.2.206-212.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(00)00220-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.14.6581-6591.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315588"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008140611929"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"841","year":"2001","unstructured":"Green, K. Y., A. Z. Kapikian, and R. M. Chanock. 2001. Human caliciviruses, p. 841-874. In D. M. Knipe, P. M. Howley, D. E. Griffin, et al. (ed.), Fields virology, 4th ed. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, Pa.","journal-title":"Fields virology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.20.9713-9722.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.239.4839.476"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.23.12335-12343.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"19","volume":"5","year":"2003","unstructured":"Harrington, P. R., L. Lindesmith, B. Yount, C. L. Moe, J. LePendu, and R. S. Baric. 2003. Norovirus attachment, susceptibility, and vaccine design. Recent Res. Dev. Virol.5:19-44.","journal-title":"Recent Res. Dev. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.2.730-742.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/375829"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/375742"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/339883"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.1.405-415.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.11.6527-6532.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1345"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315203"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077905"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-6445(02)00096-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm860"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0901.020175"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(01)01321-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.33661"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990502"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/19.3.500"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890420209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01310954"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2000.d01-1.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.20.10089-10098.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","first-page":"145","volume":"260","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sullivan, N. J. 2001. Antibody-mediated enhancement of viral disease. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol.260:145-169.","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.24.11589-11597.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","unstructured":"J. Virol. Methods 116:109-117."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.10.6589-6597.1996"}],"container-title":["Journal of Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.78.6.3035-3045.2004","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.78.6.3035-3045.2004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T09:03:51Z","timestamp":1646471031000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JVI.78.6.3035-3045.2004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,15]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JVI.78.6.3035-3045.2004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.78.6.3035-3045.2004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-538X","1098-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-538X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2003-09-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-11-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-03-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}