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The function of the SH protein is not clear, although its expression is not necessary for growth of MuV in tissue culture cells. It is speculated that MuV SH plays a role in viral pathogenesis. Simian virus 5 (SV5), a closely related rubulavirus, encodes a 44-amino-acid-residue SH protein. Recombinant SV5 lacking the SH gene (rSV5\u0394SH) is viable and has no growth defect in tissue culture cells. However, rSV5\u0394SH induces apoptosis in tissue culture cells and is attenuated in vivo. Neutralizing antibodies against tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and TNF-\u03b1 receptor 1 block rSV5\u0394SH-induced apoptosis, suggesting that SV5 SH plays an essential role in blocking the TNF-\u03b1-mediated apoptosis pathway. Because MuV is closely related to SV5, we hypothesize that the SH protein of MuV has a function similar to that of SV5, even though there is no sequence homology between them. To test this hypothesis and to study the function of MuV SH, we have replaced the open reading frame (ORF) of SV5 SH with the ORF of MuV SH in a SV5 genome background. The recombinant SV5 (rSV5\u0394SH+MuV-SH) was analyzed in comparison with SV5. It was found that rSV5\u0394SH+MuV-SH was viable and behaved like wild-type SV5, suggesting that MuV SH has a function similar to that of SV5 SH. Furthermore, both ectopically expressed SV5 SH and MuV SH blocked activation of NF-\u03baB by TNF-\u03b1 in a reporter gene assay, suggesting that both SH proteins can inhibit TNF-\u03b1 signaling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.80.4.1700-1709.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,26]],"date-time":"2006-01-26T18:02:43Z","timestamp":1138298563000},"page":"1700-1709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Function of Small Hydrophobic Proteins of Paramyxovirus"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra M.","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Pathobiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intercollege Graduate Program in Genetics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica C.","family":"Taddeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Klatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Pathobiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Pathobiology"},{"name":"Intercollege Graduate Program in Genetics"},{"name":"Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences"},{"name":"Center of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Pathobiology"},{"name":"Intercollege Graduate Program in Genetics"},{"name":"Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences"},{"name":"Center of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"64","volume":"45","year":"1995","unstructured":"Albrecht, H., L. 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