{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T08:12:29Z","timestamp":1790323949575,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,1]],"date-time":"2006-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The<jats:italic>ts<\/jats:italic>1 mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV) induces a neurodegenerative disease in mice, in which glial cells are infected by the retrovirus but neurons are not.<jats:italic>ts<\/jats:italic>1 infection of primary astrocytes, or of the immortalized astrocytic cell line C1, results in accumulation of the<jats:italic>ts<\/jats:italic>1 gPr80<jats:sup><jats:italic>env<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>envelope protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), with ER and oxidative stress. Notably, only about half of the infected astrocytes die in these cultures, while the other half survive, continue to proliferate, and continue to produce virus. To determine how these astrocytes survive<jats:italic>ts<\/jats:italic>1 infection in culture, we established a chronically infected subline of the living cells remaining after the death of all acutely infected cells in an infected C1 cell culture (C1-<jats:italic>ts<\/jats:italic>1-S). We report here that C1-<jats:italic>ts<\/jats:italic>1-S cells proliferate more slowly, produce less virus, show reduced H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>levels, increase their uptake of cystine, and maintain higher levels of intracellular GSH and cysteine compared to acutely infected or uninfected C1 cells. C1-<jats:italic>ts<\/jats:italic>1-S cells also upregulate their thiol antioxidant defenses by activation of the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its target genes. Interestingly, despite maintenance of higher levels of intracellular reduced thiols, C1-<jats:italic>ts<\/jats:italic>1-S cells are more sensitive to cystine deprivation than uninfected C1 cells. We conclude that some<jats:italic>ts<\/jats:italic>1-infected astrocytes survive and adapt to virus-induced oxidative stress by successfully mobilizing their thiol redox defenses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.80.7.3273-3284.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,14]],"date-time":"2006-03-14T13:23:36Z","timestamp":1142342616000},"page":"3273-3284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Astrocytes Survive Chronic Infection and Cytopathic Effects of the<i>ts<\/i>1 Mutant of the Retrovirus Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus by Upregulation of Antioxidant Defenses"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Wenan","family":"Qiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, Texas 78957"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianghong","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, Texas 78957"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinrong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, Texas 78957"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, Texas 78957"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia L.","family":"Scofield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, Texas 78957"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy J.","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, Texas 78957"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, Texas 78957"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gheorghe","family":"Stoica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, Texas 78957"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William S.","family":"Lynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, Texas 78957"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul K. Y.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, Texas 78957"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(00)00035-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199901140-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209381200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00929-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3930"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(99)00060-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00233-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1998.71010388.x","volume":"71","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dringen, R., B. Hamprecht, and S. Broer. 1998. The peptide transporter PepT2 mediates the uptake of the glutathione precursor CysGly in astroglia-rich primary cultures. J. Neurochem.71:388-393.","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1027310328310"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"409","volume":"4","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Scarano, F., N. Nathanson, and P. K. Y. Wong. 1995. Retroviruses and the nervous system, p. 409-490. In J. Levy (ed.), The Retroviridae, vol. 4. Plenum Press, New York, N.Y.","journal-title":"The Retroviridae"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S1016-8478(23)13056-1","volume":"17","year":"2004","unstructured":"Groenendyk, J., J. Lynch, and M. Michalak. 2004. Calreticulin, Ca2+, and calcineurin\u2014signaling from the endoplasmic reticulum. Mol. Cell17:383-389.","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.13.1.76"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00306-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"J. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.24.13161-13170.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0971fje"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/332462a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(90)90278-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289709015790"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280490448043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280290100699"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007168"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.9.12.7672507"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(97)00109-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/prep.1998.0897"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01819-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.19.8965"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.21.11926-11938.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199509000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.124.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1992.8.209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.4.2735-2740.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-08-03394.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.3.1137-1147.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(02)00897-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","first-page":"395","volume":"12","year":"1998","unstructured":"Stoica, G., R. Barker, G. Wu, W. S. Lynn, and P. K. Y. Wong. 1998. Quantitative variation of free amino acids in the central nervous system of MoMuLV-ts1-infected mice. In Vivo12:395-401.","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","first-page":"427","volume":"66","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stoica, G., E. Floyd, O. Illanes, and P. K. Y. Wong. 1992. Temporal lymphoreticular changes caused by ts1, a paralytogenic mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus TB. Lab. Investig.66:427-436.","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","first-page":"724","volume":"69","year":"1993","unstructured":"Stoica, G., O. Illanes, S. I. Tasca, and P. K. Y. Wong. 1993. Temporal central and peripheral nervous system changes induced by a paralytogenic mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus TB. Lab. Investig.69:724-735.","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007433"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.2.467-475.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(89)90436-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(73)90441-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","first-page":"29","volume":"160","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wong, P. K. Y. 1990. Moloney murine leukemia virus temperature-sensitive mutants: a model for retrovirus-induced neurologic disorders. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol.160:29-60.","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","first-page":"75","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wong, P. K. Y., W. S. Lynn, Y. C. Lin, W. Choe, and P. H. Yuen. 1998. ts1 MoMuLV: a murine model of neuroimmunodegeneration, p. 75-93. In P. K. Y. Wong and W. S. Lynn (ed.), Neuroimmunodegeneration. R. G. Landes, Austin, Tex.","journal-title":"Neuroimmunodegeneration"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","first-page":"161","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wong, P. K. Y., and P. H. Yuen. 1992. Molecular basis of neurologic disorders induced by a mutant, ts1, of Moloney murine leukemia virus, p. 161-197. In R. P. Roos (ed.), Molecular neurovirology: pathogenesis of viral CNS infection. Humana Press, Totowa, N.J.","journal-title":"Molecular neurovirology: pathogenesis of viral CNS infection"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.12.2342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1702(91)90096-E"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90501-F"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(84)90043-6"}],"container-title":["Journal of Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.80.7.3273-3284.2006","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.80.7.3273-3284.2006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]],"date-time":"2024-02-03T08:43:19Z","timestamp":1706949799000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JVI.80.7.3273-3284.2006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JVI.80.7.3273-3284.2006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.80.7.3273-3284.2006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-538X","1098-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-538X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-07-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-01-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-04-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}