{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T01:44:10Z","timestamp":1790041450968,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,12]],"date-time":"2013-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]],"date-time":"2013-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362096000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Like animals and people, insects can serve as both collectors and disseminators of antibiotic resistance genes, as exquisitely demonstrated by a recent study (B. Tian, N. H. Fadhil, J. E. Powell, W. K. Kwong, and N. A. Moran, mBio 3[6]:e00377-12, doi:10.1128\/mBio.00377-12, 2012). Notably, the relatively confined ecosystem of the honeybee gut demonstrates a large propensity for harboring a diverse set of tetracycline resistance genes that reveal the environmental burden resulting from the long-time selective pressures of tetracycline use in the honeybee industry. As in humans and animals, these genes have become established in the native, nonpathogenic flora of the insect gut, adding credence to the concept that commensal floras provide large reservoirs of resistance genes that can readily move into pathogenic species. The homology of these tetracycline resistance determinants with those found in tetracycline-resistant bacteria associated with animals and humans strongly suggests a dissemination of similar or identical genes through shared ecosystems. The emergence of linked coresistances (ampicillin and tetracycline) following single-antibiotic therapy mirrors reports from other studies, namely, that long-term, single-agent therapy will result in resistance to multiple drugs. These results contrast with the marked absence of diverse, single- and multiple-drug resistance genes in wild and domestic bees that are not subjected to such selective pressures. Prospective studies that simultaneously track both resistance genes and antibiotic residues will go far in resolving some of the nagging questions that cloud our understanding of antibiotic resistance dissemination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00045-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,13]],"date-time":"2013-02-13T01:57:08Z","timestamp":1360720628000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Honeybees and Tetracycline Resistance"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Stuart B.","family":"Levy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie M.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00377-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","first-page":"231","article-title":"Commensals: underappreciated reservoir of antibiotic resistance","volume":"4","author":"Marshall BM","year":"2009","unstructured":"MarshallBM OchiengDJ LevySB . 2009. Commensals: underappreciated reservoir of antibiotic resistance. Microbe 4:231\u2013238.","journal-title":"Microbe"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.32.12.1801"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.17.6609"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","unstructured":"WilsonB\n. 1 October 2000. 45 years of foulbrood. In Bee culture. http:\/\/www.beeculture.com\/storycms\/index.cfm?cat=Story&recordID=92."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198805053181818"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197609092951103"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/38.5.829"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","first-page":"181","volume-title":"The antibiotic paradox: how the misuse of antibiotics destroys their curative powers","author":"Levy SB","year":"2002","unstructured":"LevySB . 2002. The antibiotic paradox: how the misuse of antibiotics destroys their curative powers, 2nd ed, p 181\u2013210. Perseus Publishing, Cambridge, MA.","edition":"2"}],"container-title":["mBio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.00045-13","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.00045-13","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T01:46:23Z","timestamp":1646703983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mBio.00045-13"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/mBio.00045-13"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.00045-13","relation":{},"ISSN":["2161-2129","2150-7511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2161-2129","type":"print"},{"value":"2150-7511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-01-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-01-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-02-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00045-13"}}