{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T07:44:00Z","timestamp":1772783040255,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,21]],"date-time":"2015-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1429574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]],"date-time":"2015-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Cholera continues to be a global threat, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. In 2011, a cholera outbreak occurred in Palawan, Philippines, affecting more than 500 people, and 20 individuals died.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            O1 was confirmed as the etiological agent. Source attribution is critical in cholera outbreaks for proper management of the disease, as well as to control spread. In this study, three\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            O1 isolates from a Philippines cholera outbreak were sequenced and their genomes analyzed to determine phylogenetic relatedness to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            O1 isolates from recent outbreaks of cholera elsewhere. The Philippines\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            O1 isolates were determined to be\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            O1 hybrid El Tor belonging to the seventh-pandemic clade. They clustered tightly, forming a monophyletic clade closely related to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            O1 hybrid El Tor from Asia and Africa. The isolates possess a unique multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) genotype (12-7-9-18-25 and 12-7-10-14-21) and lack SXT. In addition, they possess a novel 15-kb genomic island (GI-119) containing a predicted type I restriction-modification system. The CTX\u03a6-RS1 array of the Philippines isolates was similar to that of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            O1 MG116926, a hybrid El Tor strain isolated in Bangladesh in 1991. Overall, the data indicate that the Philippines\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            O1 isolates are unique, differing from recent\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            O1 isolates from Asia, Africa, and Haiti. Furthermore, the results of this study support the hypothesis that the Philippines isolates of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            O1 are indigenous and exist locally in the aquatic ecosystem of the Philippines.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Genetic characterization and phylogenomics analysis of outbreak strains have proven to be critical for probing clonal relatedness to strains isolated in different geographical regions and over time. Recently, extensive genetic analyses of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            O1 strains isolated in different countries have been done. However, genome sequences of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            O1 isolates from the Philippines have not been available for epidemiological investigation. In this study, molecular typing and phylogenetic analysis of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolated from both clinical and environmental samples in 2011 confirmed unique genetic features of the Philippines isolates, which are helpful to understand the global epidemiology of cholera.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00047-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,22]],"date-time":"2015-04-22T01:09:21Z","timestamp":1429664961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Hybrid Vibrio cholerae El Tor Lacking SXT Identified as the Cause of a Cholera Outbreak in the Philippines"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"David C.","family":"Klinzing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Luke's Medical Center, Research and Biotechnology Division, Quezon City, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seon Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"CosmosID Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nur A.","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CosmosID Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald R.","family":"Matias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Luke's Medical Center, Research and Biotechnology Division, Quezon City, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Tayag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Epidemiology Center, Department of Health, Manila, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josefina","family":"Geronimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Skowronski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TMG Biosciences, LLC, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shah M.","family":"Rashed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kent","family":"Kawashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Luke's Medical Center, Research and Biotechnology Division, Quezon City, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. Nicole","family":"Rosenzweig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry S.","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian C.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Luke's Medical Center, Research and Biotechnology Division, Quezon City, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veni","family":"Liles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Luke's Medical Center, Research and Biotechnology Division, Quezon City, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicia C.","family":"Alfon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Luke's Medical Center, Research and Biotechnology Division, Quezon City, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Luke's Medical Center, Research and Biotechnology Division, Quezon City, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filipinas F.","family":"Natividad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Luke's Medical Center, Research and Biotechnology Division, Quezon City, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Cebula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita R.","family":"Colwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"CosmosID Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15328-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1012928"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207359109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.1.48"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2009.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1308663"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907787106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809990550"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"627","article-title":"Studies of cholera El Tor in the Philippines. 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