{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:10:40Z","timestamp":1791180640018,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,12]],"date-time":"2015-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1431388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]],"date-time":"2015-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Swarming bacteria are challenged by the need to invade hostile environments. Swarms of the flagellated bacterium\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Paenibacillus vortex<\/jats:named-content>\n            can collectively transport other microorganisms. Here we show that\n            <jats:italic>P.\u00a0vortex<\/jats:italic>\n            can invade toxic environments by carrying antibiotic-degrading bacteria; this transport is mediated by a specialized, phenotypic subpopulation utilizing a process not dependent on cargo motility. Swarms of beta-lactam antibiotic (BLA)-sensitive\n            <jats:italic>P.\u00a0vortex<\/jats:italic>\n            used beta-lactamase-producing, resistant, cargo bacteria to detoxify BLAs in their path. In the presence of BLAs, both transporter and cargo bacteria gained from this temporary cooperation; there was a positive correlation between BLA resistance and dispersal.\n            <jats:italic>P.\u00a0vortex<\/jats:italic>\n            transported only the most beneficial antibiotic-resistant cargo (including environmental and clinical isolates) in a sustained way.\n            <jats:italic>P.\u00a0vortex<\/jats:italic>\n            displayed a bet-hedging strategy that promoted the colonization of nontoxic niches by\n            <jats:italic>P.\u00a0vortex<\/jats:italic>\n            alone; when detoxifying cargo bacteria were not needed, they were lost. This work has relevance for the dispersal of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and for strategies for asymmetric cooperation with agricultural and medical implications.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Antibiotic resistance is a major health threat. We show a novel mechanism for the local spread of antibiotic resistance. This involves interactions between different bacteria: one species provides an enzyme that detoxifies the antibiotic (a sessile cargo bacterium carrying a resistance gene), while the other (\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Paenibacillus vortex<\/jats:named-content>\n            ) moves itself and transports the cargo.\n            <jats:italic>P.\u00a0vortex<\/jats:italic>\n            used a bet-hedging strategy, colonizing new environments alone when the cargo added no benefit, but cooperating when the cargo was needed. This work is of interest in an evolutionary context and sheds light on fundamental questions, such as how environmental antibiotic resistance may lead to clinical resistance and also microbial social organization, as well as the costs, benefits, and risks of dispersal in the environment.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00074-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,14]],"date-time":"2015-05-14T21:40:12Z","timestamp":1431639612000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Bacterial Swarms Recruit Cargo Bacteria To Pave the Way in Toxic Environments"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Alin","family":"Finkelshtein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalit","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eshel","family":"Ben Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"},{"name":"Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin J.","family":"Ingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MicroDish BV, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2405"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.032029-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mobley HL Belas R Lockatell V Chippendale G Trifillis AL Johnson DE Warren JW. 1996. 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