{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:26:03Z","timestamp":1791419163698,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,24]],"date-time":"2011-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]],"date-time":"2011-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1309478400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            (pneumococcus) is a frequent colonizer of the nasopharynx and one of the leading causative agents of otitis media, pneumonia, and meningitis. The current literature asserts that\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            is transmitted person to person via respiratory droplets; however, environmental surfaces (fomites) have been linked to the spread of other respiratory pathogens. Desiccation tolerance has been to shown to be essential for long-term survival on dry surfaces. This study investigated the survival and infectivity of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            following desiccation under ambient conditions. We recovered viable bacteria after all desiccation periods tested, ranging from 1\u00a0h to 4\u00a0weeks. Experiments conducted under nutrient limitation indicate that desiccation is a condition separate from starvation. Desiccation of an acapsular mutant and 15 different clinical isolates shows that\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            desiccation tolerance is independent of the polysaccharide capsule and is a species-wide phenomenon, respectively. Experiments demonstrating that nondesiccated and desiccated\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains colonize the nasopharynx at comparable levels, combined with their ability to survive long-term desiccation, suggest that fomites may serve as alternate sources of pneumococcal infection.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Even with the advent of multivalent capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccines,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Every year, there are approximately 7 million cases of pneumococcus-based otitis media in the United States alone, while pneumococcal invasive diseases are responsible for more than 1 million deaths globally. It is believed that the human upper respiratory tract is the sole niche of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            and, thus, that spread occurs via close contact with an infected individual. In this study, we characterized the desiccation tolerance of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            and found that it can survive for many weeks postdehydration and retain infectivity. Our results suggest that desiccation tolerance is an inherent trait of this genetically variable species and that fomites may be a source of transmission.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00092-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,25]],"date-time":"2011-05-25T02:17:37Z","timestamp":1306289857000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Streptococcus pneumoniae Is Desiccation Tolerant and Infectious upon Rehydration"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Science, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Camilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Science, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1871"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61114-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02199-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-009-0557-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198545"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/79.1.33"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-006-0492-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793104006475"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.556"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.7.1938-1941.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/526773"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.2.724-726.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199509000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1990.tb02574.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-130"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-1177(92)90178-Z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1959.0013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(01)02231-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.4.1489-1492.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(01)01279-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.58.4.755-805.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12064-007-0004-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2007.116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009312107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69974-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"71","article-title":"Convective drying of bacteria. 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