{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:37:01Z","timestamp":1790638621715,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,14]],"date-time":"2011-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1308009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]],"date-time":"2011-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1309478400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Cholera is a severe diarrheal disease typically caused by O1 serogroup strains of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            . The pathogenicity of all pandemic\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            O1 strains relies on two critical virulence factors: cholera toxin, a potent enterotoxin, and toxin coregulated pilus (TCP), an intestinal colonization factor. However, certain non-O1, non-O139\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains, such as AM-19226, do not produce cholera toxin or TCP, yet they still cause severe diarrhea. The molecular basis for the pathogenicity of non-O1, non-O139\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            has not been extensively characterized, but many of these strains encode related type III secretion systems (TTSSs). Here, we used infant rabbits to assess the contribution of the TTSS to non-O1, non-O139\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            pathogenicity. We found that all animals infected with wild-type AM-19226 developed severe diarrhea even more rapidly than rabbits infected with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            O1. Unlike\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            O1 strains, which do not damage the intestinal epithelium in rabbits or humans, AM-19226 caused marked disruptions of the epithelial surface in the rabbit small intestine. TTSS proved to be essential for AM-19226 virulence in infant rabbits; an AM-19226 derivative deficient for TTSS did not elicit diarrhea, colonize the intestine, or induce pathological changes in the intestine. Deletion of either one of the two previously identified or two newly identified AM-19226 TTSS effectors reduced but did not eliminate AM-19226 pathogenicity, suggesting that at least four effectors contribute to this strain\u2019s virulence. In aggregate, our results suggest that the TTSS-dependent virulence in non-O1, non-O139\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            represents a new type of diarrheagenic mechanism.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Cholera, which is caused by\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            , is an important cause of diarrheal disease in many developing countries. The mechanisms of virulence of nonpandemic strains that can cause a diarrheal illness are poorly understood. AM-19226, like several other pathogenic, nonpandemic\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains, carries genes that encode a type III secretion system (TTSS), but not cholera toxin (CT) or toxin coregulated pilus (TCP). In this study, we used infant rabbits to study AM-19226 virulence. Infant rabbits orally inoculated with this strain rapidly developed a fatal diarrheal disease, which was accompanied by marked disruptions of the intestinal epithelium. This strain\u2019s TTSS proved essential for its pathogenicity, and there was no diarrhea, intestinal pathology, or colonization in rabbits infected with a TTSS mutant. The effector proteins translocated by the TTSS all appear to contribute to AM-19226 virulence. Thus, our study provides insight into\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            mechanisms by which a novel TTSS contributes to diarrheal disease caused by nonpandemic strains of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00106-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,15]],"date-time":"2011-06-15T05:13:04Z","timestamp":1308114784000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Type III Secretion Is Essential for the Rapidly Fatal Diarrheal Disease Caused by Non-O1, Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Ok S.","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 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