{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T08:49:07Z","timestamp":1790498947378,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,24]],"date-time":"2012-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,31]],"date-time":"2012-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346371200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    To understand differences in host-\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Candida albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    interactions that occur during colonization of healthy or compromised hosts, production of phenotypic variants and colonization of healthy or immunodeficient mice by\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    were studied. We showed that activity of the transcription factor Efg1p exhibited cell-to-cell variability and identified Efg1p as a major regulator of colonization. In\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    populations colonizing the murine gastrointestinal tract, average expression of\n                    <jats:italic>EFG1<\/jats:italic>\n                    differed depending on the immune status of the host. We propose that cellular heterogeneity in Efg1p activity allows the\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    colonizing population to differ depending on the immune status of the host, because selective pressure from a healthy host alters the composition of the population. These data are the first demonstration that differences in host immune status are associated with differences in gene expression in colonizing\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    cells. Altered gene expression in organisms colonizing immunocompromised hosts may begin the transition of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    from a commensal to a pathogen.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    In healthy people, the fungus\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Candida albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and other sites without producing obvious pathology. In an immunocompromised patient, the organism can cause serious disease. The demonstration that the expression and activity of the\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    transcription factor Efg1p differs during colonization of healthy or immunocompromised mice shows that the organism adjusts its physiology when colonizing different hosts. Further, the effects of a healthy host on a heterogeneous\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    population containing cells with different levels of Efg1p activity show that selective pressure in the host can change the makeup of the population, allowing the population to respond to host immune status. The ability to sense host status may be key to the ability of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    to colonize as a harmless commensal in some hosts but become a deadly pathogen in others.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00117-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,25]],"date-time":"2012-07-25T00:54:59Z","timestamp":1343177699000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Variation in Candida albicans\n                    <i>EFG1<\/i>\n                    Expression Enables Host-Dependent Changes in Colonizing Fungal Populations"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Jessica V.","family":"Pierce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol A.","family":"Kumamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, 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