{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:54:55Z","timestamp":1790373295505,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]],"date-time":"2011-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1313452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314835200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Detection of microbial antigens in clinical samples can lead to rapid diagnosis of an infection and administration of appropriate therapeutics. A major barrier in diagnostics development is determining which of the potentially hundreds or thousands of antigens produced by a microbe are actually present in patient samples in detectable amounts against a background of innumerable host proteins. In this report, we describe a strategy, termed\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            microbial antigen discovery (InMAD), that we used to identify circulating bacterial antigens. This technique starts with \u201cInMAD serum,\u201d which is filtered serum that has been harvested from BALB\/c mice infected with a bacterial pathogen. The InMAD serum, which is free of whole bacterial cells, is used to immunize syngeneic BALB\/c mice. The resulting \u201cInMAD immune serum\u201d contains antibodies specific for the soluble microbial antigens present in sera from the infected mice. The InMAD immune serum is then used to probe blots of bacterial lysates or bacterial proteome arrays. Bacterial antigens that are reactive with the InMAD immune serum are precisely the antigens to target in an antigen immunoassay. By employing InMAD, we identified multiple circulating antigens that are secreted or shed during infection using\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Francisella tularensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            as model organisms. Potential diagnostic targets identified by the InMAD approach included bacterial proteins, capsular polysaccharide, and lipopolysaccharide. The InMAD technique makes no assumptions other than immunogenicity and has the potential to be a broad discovery platform to identify diagnostic targets from microbial pathogens.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Effective treatment of microbial infection is critically dependent on early diagnosis and identification of the etiological agent. One means for rapid diagnosis is immunoassay for antigens that are shed into body fluids during infection. Immunoassays can be inexpensive, rapid, and adaptable to a point-of-care format. A major impediment to immunoassay for diagnosis of infectious disease is identification of appropriate antigen targets. This report describes a strategy that can be used for identification of microbial antigens that are shed into serum during infection by the biothreats\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Francisella tularensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Termed InMAD (\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            microbial antigen discovery), the strategy has the potential for application to a broad spectrum of microbial pathogens.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00136-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,17]],"date-time":"2011-08-17T03:41:48Z","timestamp":1313552508000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Identification of Circulating Bacterial Antigens by\n            <i>In Vivo<\/i>\n            Microbial Antigen Discovery"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Dana E.","family":"Nuti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reva B.","family":"Crump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farida","family":"Dwi Handayani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narisara","family":"Chantratita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon J.","family":"Peacock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip L.","family":"Felgner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Huw","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease and Immunity, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Rick","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease and Immunity, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Brett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary N.","family":"Burtnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Kozel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"AuCoin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1409.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(99)80007-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.812"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","volume-title":"Manual of clinical microbiology","author":"Lindquist D","year":"2007","unstructured":"LindquistD ChuMC ProbertWS . 2007. 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Abstr. 111th Gen. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol.\nAmerican Society for Microbiology Washington DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401351101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01023-10"}],"container-title":["mBio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.00136-11","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.00136-11","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T01:40:09Z","timestamp":1646703609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mBio.00136-11"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"John W.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/mBio.00136-11"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.00136-11","relation":{},"ISSN":["2161-2129","2150-7511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2161-2129","type":"print"},{"value":"2150-7511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-07-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-07-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-08-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00136-11"}}