{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T12:41:48Z","timestamp":1789562508272,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,31]],"date-time":"2012-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,31]],"date-time":"2012-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346371200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>From September to December 2011, 162 New England harbor seals died in an outbreak of pneumonia. Sequence analysis of postmortem samples revealed the presence of an avian H3N8 influenza A virus, similar to a virus circulating in North American waterfowl since at least 2002 but with mutations that indicate recent adaption to mammalian hosts. These include a D701N mutation in the viral PB2 protein, previously reported in highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses infecting people. Lectin staining and agglutination assays indicated the presence of the avian-preferred SA\u03b1-2,3 and mammalian SA\u03b1-2,6 receptors in seal respiratory tract, and the ability of the virus to agglutinate erythrocytes bearing either the SA\u03b1-2,3 or the SA\u03b1-2,6 receptor. The emergence of this A\/harbor seal\/Massachusetts\/1\/2011 virus may herald the appearance of an H3N8 influenza clade with potential for persistence and cross-species transmission.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            The emergence of new strains of influenza virus is always of great public concern, especially when the infection of a new mammalian host has the potential to result in a widespread outbreak of disease. Here we report the emergence of an avian influenza virus (H3N8) in New England harbor seals which caused an outbreak of pneumonia and contributed to a U.S. federally recognized unusual mortality event (UME). This outbreak is particularly significant, not only because of the disease it caused in seals but also because the virus has naturally acquired mutations that are known to increase transmissibility and virulence in mammals. Monitoring the spillover and adaptation of avian viruses in mammalian species is critically important if we are to understand the factors that lead to both epizootic and zoonotic emergence.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00166-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T04:52:41Z","timestamp":1343796761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":184,"title":["Emergence of Fatal Avian Influenza in New England Harbor Seals"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"S. J.","family":"Anthony","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"St. Leger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SeaWorld, San Diego, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Pugliares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Aquarium, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. S.","family":"Ip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Wildlife Health Center, United States Geological Survey, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z. W.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Navarrete-Macias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Sanchez-Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. T.","family":"Saliki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Services Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Karesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Daszak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Rabadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Rowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. I.","family":"Lipkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7063847"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(81)90200-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.51.3.863-865.1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-76-1-199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1189132"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1117950"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90754-D"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WilcoxBR\n. 2011. Influenza-A viruses in ducks in Northwestern Minnesota: fine scale spatial and temporal variation in prevalence and subtype diversity. PLoS One 6:e24010. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0024010.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ConenelloGM\nZamarinD\nPerroneLA\nTumpeyT\nPaleseP\n. 2007. A single mutation in the PB1-F2 of H5N1 (HK\/97) and 1918 influenza A viruses contributes to increased virulence. PLoS Pathog. 3(10):e141. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030141.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2007.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.17.10224"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(84)90376-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.2.324"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.11.6667-6673.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GaoY\n. 2009. Identification of amino acids in HA and PB2 critical for the transmission of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in a mammalian host. PLoS Pathog. 5:e1000709. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000709.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000709"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja904557w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.69.1.531"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1124513"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.18.8502-8512.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-6-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/440435a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TrebbienR\nLarsenLE\nViuffBM\n. 2011. Distribution of sialic acid receptors and influenza A virus of avian and swine origin in experimentally infected pigs. Virol. J. 8:434. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-422X-8-434.","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-434"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van PouckeSG\nNichollsJM\nNauwynckHJ\nReethK\n. 2010. Replication of avian human and swine influenza viruses in porcine respiratory explants and association with sialic acid distribution. Virol. J. 7:38. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-422X-7-38.","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-38"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.1.502-507.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.8323"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01136-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1615"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10831"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1136212"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1477"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507415102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062882"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HattaM\n. 2007. Growth of H5N1 influenza A viruses in the upper respiratory tracts of mice. PLoS Pathog. 3(10):e133. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030133.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030133"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051938"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SteelJ\nLowenAC\nMubarekaS\nPaleseP\n. 2009. Transmission of influenza virus in a mammalian host is increased by PB2 amino acids 627K or 627E\/701N. PLoS Pathog. 5:e1000252. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000252.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0813172106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00063-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.18.12058-12064.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","volume-title":"Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals","author":"OIE","year":"2012","unstructured":"OIE . 2012. Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals, 6th ed. World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, France.","edition":"6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","volume-title":"WHO Manual on Animal Influenza Diagnosis and Surveillance","author":"WHO","year":"2002","unstructured":"WHO . 2002. WHO Manual on Animal Influenza Diagnosis and Surveillance. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RoyA\nXuD\nPoissonJ\nZhangY\n. 2011. A protocol for computer-based protein structure and function prediction. J. Vis. Exp. 57:e3259. http:\/\/www.jove.com\/details.php?id=3259.","DOI":"10.3791\/3259"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-440X(02)00344-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00134183"}],"container-title":["mBio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.00166-12","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.00166-12","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T01:48:25Z","timestamp":1646704105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mBio.00166-12"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Moscona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,31]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/mBio.00166-12"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.00166-12","relation":{},"ISSN":["2161-2129","2150-7511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2161-2129","type":"print"},{"value":"2150-7511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-05-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-06-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-07-31","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00166-12"}}