{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T11:19:24Z","timestamp":1782213564260,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,20]],"date-time":"2013-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,30]],"date-time":"2013-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377820800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Human African trypanosomiasis is caused by two subspecies of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:named-content>\n                    .\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:named-content>\n                    \u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>\n                    is found in East Africa and frequently causes acute disease, while\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trypanosoma brucei gambiense<\/jats:named-content>\n                    is found in West Africa and is associated with chronic disease. Samples taken from a single focus of a Ugandan outbreak of\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>b.\u00a0rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the 1980s were associated with either chronic or acute disease. We sequenced the whole genomes of two of these isolates, which showed that they are genetically distinct from each other. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism markers in a panel of 31 Ugandan isolates plus 32 controls revealed a mixture of East African and West African haplotypes, and some of these haplotypes were associated with the different virulence phenotypes. It has been shown recently that\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>b.\u00a0brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>b.\u00a0rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations undergo genetic exchange in natural populations. Our analysis showed that these strains from the Ugandan epidemic were intermediate between the reference genome sequences of\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>b.\u00a0gambiense<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>b.\u00a0brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    and contained haplotypes that were present in both subspecies. This suggests that the human-infective subspecies of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. brucei<\/jats:named-content>\n                    are not genetically isolated, and our data are consistent with genomic introgression between East African and West African\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>b.\u00a0brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    subspecies. This has implications for the control of the parasite, the spread of drug resistance, and understanding the variation in virulence and the emergence of human infectivity.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    We present a genetic study of the acute form of \u201csleeping sickness\u201d caused by the protozoan parasite\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:named-content>\n                    <jats:italic>rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>\n                    from a single outbreak in Uganda. This represents an advance in our understanding of the relationship between the\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>b.\u00a0rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trypanosoma brucei gambiense<\/jats:named-content>\n                    subspecies that have previously been considered geographically distinct. Our data suggest that introgression of West African-derived\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. brucei<\/jats:named-content>\n                    haplotypes may be associated with differences in disease presentation in the East African disease. These findings are not only of scientific interest but also important for parasite control, as they suggest that the human-infective\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. brucei<\/jats:named-content>\n                    subspecies are not genetically isolated.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00197-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,20]],"date-time":"2013-08-20T23:18:55Z","timestamp":1377040735000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Whole-Genome Sequencing of Trypanosoma brucei Reveals Introgression between Subspecies That Is Associated with Virulence"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Ian","family":"Goodhead","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Capewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Wendi","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Beament","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Chance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Kay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Forrester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"MacLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Noyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization\n. 2013. 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