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One type of mutation escapes immunity by adding a glycan onto an area of hemagglutinin that many antibodies recognize. This study revealed that these glycan changes follow a simple temporal pattern. Every 5 to 7 years, hemagglutinin adds a new glycan, up to a limit. After this limit is reached, no net additions of glycans occur. Instead, glycans are swapped or lost at longer intervals. Eventually, a pandemic replaces the terminally glycosylated hemagglutinin with a minimally glycosylated one from the animal reservoir, restarting the cycle. This pattern suggests the following: (i) some hemagglutinins are evolved for this decades-long process, which is both defined by and limited by successive glycan addition; and (ii) hemagglutinin's antibody dominance and its capacity for mutations are highly adapted features that allow influenza to outpace our antibody-based immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00204-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T11:55:36Z","timestamp":1554119736000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Human Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Glycan Evolution Follows a Temporal Pattern to a Glycan Limit"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8910-9074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meghan O.","family":"Altman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Angel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5756-5182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Ko\u0161\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00eddia S.","family":"Trov\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6712-5076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seth J.","family":"Zost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James S.","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3581-1148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Casalino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the National Biomedical Computation Resource, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rommie E.","family":"Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the National Biomedical Computation Resource, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2928-7506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott E.","family":"Hensley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4814-0179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha I.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3826-1906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan W.","family":"Yewdell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"WHO. 2003. 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