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The major human bacterial pathogen\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            causes pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis, often accompanied by strong inflammatory responses.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            expresses a sialidase (NanA) that contributes to mucosal colonization, platelet clearance, and blood-brain barrier penetration. Using wild-type and isogenic NanA-deficient mutant strains, we showed that\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            NanA can desialylate the surface of human THP-1 monocytes, leading to increased ERK phosphorylation, NF-\u03baB activation, and proinflammatory cytokine release.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            NanA expression also stimulates interleukin-8 release and extracellular trap formation from human neutrophils. A mechanistic contribution of unmasking of inhibitory Siglec-5 from\n            <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>\n            sialic acid interactions to the proinflammatory effect of NanA is suggested by decreased SHP-2 recruitment to the Siglec-5 intracellular domain and RNA interference studies. Finally, NanA increased production of proinflammatory cytokines in a murine intranasal challenge model of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            pneumonia.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Sialic acids decorate the surface of all mammalian cells and play important roles in physiology, development, and evolution. Siglecs are sialic acid-binding receptors on the surface of immune cells, many of which engage in\n            <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>\n            interactions with host sialoglycan ligands and dampen inflammatory responses through transduction of inhibitory signals. Recently, certain bacterial pathogens have been shown to suppress leukocyte innate immune responses by molecular mimicry of host sialic acid structures and engagement of inhibitory Siglecs. Our present work shows that the converse can be true, i.e., that a microbial sialic acid-cleaving enzyme can induce proinflammatory responses, which are in part mediated by unmasking of an inhibitory Siglec. We conclude that host leukocytes are poised to detect and respond to microbial sialidase activity with exaggerated inflammatory responses, which could be beneficial or detrimental to the host depending on the site, stage and magnitude of infection.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00220-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]],"date-time":"2012-01-04T06:38:15Z","timestamp":1325659095000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Leukocyte Inflammatory Responses Provoked by Pneumococcal Sialidase"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Yung-Chi","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"},{"name":"Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Uchiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"},{"name":"Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajit","family":"Varki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"},{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"},{"name":"Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Nizet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"},{"name":"Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"},{"name":"Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cb900266r"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914634107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05816"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwj008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0341024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400851101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/9.11.1225"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwr087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902431106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-11-187302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00122-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwp111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02094-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00009-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01221.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-440X(96)80014-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986707779313444"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702009000100007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.9.3688-3695.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"209","article-title":"Extracellular neuraminidase production by a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from cystic fibrosis","volume":"131","author":"Leprat R","year":"1980","unstructured":"LepratR Michel-BriandY . 1980. 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