{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:12:59Z","timestamp":1792120379732,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI49561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI49561"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI169966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI169966"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              Molecular chaperones are critical for protein homeostasis. In bacteria, chaperone trigger factor (TF) folds proteins co-translationally, and chaperone DnaK requires a J-domain cochaperone and nucleotide exchange factor GrpE to fold proteins largely post-translationally. However, when the pathogen\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n              serovar Typhimurium faces the infection-relevant condition of cytoplasmic Mg\n              <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n              starvation, DnaK reduces protein synthesis independently. This raises the possibility that bacteria differentially express chaperones and cochaperones. We now report that\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n              . Typhimurium responds to cytoplasmic Mg\n              <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n              starvation by increasing mRNA amounts of\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">dnaK<\/jats:italic>\n              while decreasing those of the TF-encoding gene\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tig<\/jats:italic>\n              and J-domain cochaperone genes\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">dnaJ<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">djlA<\/jats:italic>\n              . This differential strategy requires the master regulator of Mg\n              <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n              homeostasis and virulence PhoP, which increases\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">dnaK<\/jats:italic>\n              mRNA amounts by lowering the ATP concentration, thereby hindering proteolysis of the alternative sigma factor RpoH responsible for\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">dnaK<\/jats:italic>\n              transcription. We also establish that DnaK exerts negative feedback on the RpoH protein and RpoH-dependent transcripts independently of J-domain cochaperones. Thus, bacteria express chaperones and cochaperones coordinately or differentially depending on the specific stress perturbing protein homeostasis.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p\/>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>\n                Molecular chaperones typically require cochaperones to fold proteins and to prevent protein aggregation, and the corresponding genes are thus coordinately expressed. We have now identified an infection-relevant stress condition in which the genes specifying chaperone DnaK and cochaperone DnaJ are differentially expressed despite belonging to the same operon. This differential strategy requires the master regulator of Mg\n                <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                homeostasis and virulence in the pathogen\n                <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                serovar Typhimurium. Moreover, it likely reflects that\n                <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                requires\n                <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">dnaK<\/jats:italic>\n                , but not J-domain cochaperone-encoding genes, for survival against cytoplasmic Mg\n                <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                starvation and expresses genes only when needed. Thus, the specific condition impacting protein homeostasis determines the coordinate versus differential expression of molecular chaperones and cochaperones.\n              <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00227-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T13:17:40Z","timestamp":1743427060000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Infection-relevant conditions dictate differential versus coordinate expression of\n            <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n            chaperones and cochaperones"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Carissa","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiichiro","family":"Mukai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6860-7691","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eduardo A.","family":"Groisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a004366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0968-0004(97)01171-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.05.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1999.79.2.425"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2017.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.689755"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002560"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2010.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/16.15.7545"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpc.2010.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(04)00299-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2011.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.70.1.603"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02383.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.168.3.1155-1158.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1.2.179"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2304841120"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.4.12a.2202"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.01091.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-1605(00)00206-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M500393200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.3.12a.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(83)90396-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1996.0129"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.080495197"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1.1.57"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax7898"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-020518-115606"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2021370118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031159"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2022.153901"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf6846"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.abc4235"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.8.3516"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.23.7219-7225.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07253.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12449"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2017.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00176-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08126.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/18.suppl_1.s329"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.01.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-020518-115606"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201796977"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.21.7236-7242.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2012.08036.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.9.2679"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.14.3909-3916.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(91)90055-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01727.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2008.00136.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(97)01110-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-004-4464-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.7.2874"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2020.166750"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M404862200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","volume-title":"Life: the science of biology","author":"Sadava DE","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sadava DE. 2011. Life: the science of biology. W. H. Freeman."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-1119(97)00085-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.20.5952-5958.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(01)00401-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.19317"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.42.110807.091653"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2mb25145k"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.01090.x"}],"container-title":["mBio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mbio.00227-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mbio.00227-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T13:02:47Z","timestamp":1747227767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mbio.00227-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Igor B.","family":"Jouline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/mbio.00227-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.00227-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2150-7511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2150-7511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00227-25"}}