{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:46:43Z","timestamp":1791942403502,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,28]],"date-time":"2012-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>species are Gram-negative bacteria that infect mammals. Recently, two unusual strains (<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Brucella inopinata<\/jats:named-content>BO1<jats:sup>T<\/jats:sup>and<jats:italic>B.\u00a0inopinata<\/jats:italic>-like BO2) have been isolated from human patients, and their similarity to some atypical brucellae isolated from Australian native rodent species was noted. Here we present a phylogenomic analysis of the draft genome sequences of BO1<jats:sup>T<\/jats:sup>and BO2 and of the Australian rodent strains 83-13 and NF2653 that shows that they form two groups well separated from the other sequenced<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>spp. Several important differences were noted. Both BO1<jats:sup>T<\/jats:sup>and BO2 did not agglutinate significantly when live or inactivated cells were exposed to monospecific A and M antisera against O-side chain sugars composed of<jats:italic>N-<\/jats:italic>formyl-perosamine. While BO1<jats:sup>T<\/jats:sup>maintained the genes required to synthesize a typical<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>O-antigen, BO2 lacked many of these genes but still produced a smooth LPS (lipopolysaccharide). Most missing genes were found in the<jats:italic>wbk<\/jats:italic>region involved in O-antigen synthesis in classic smooth<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>spp. In their place, BO2 carries four genes that other bacteria use for making a rhamnose-based O-antigen. Electrophoretic, immunoblot, and chemical analyses showed that BO2 carries an antigenically different O-antigen made of repeating hexose-rich oligosaccharide units that made the LPS water-soluble, which contrasts with the homopolymeric O-antigen of other smooth brucellae that have a phenol-soluble LPS. The results demonstrate the existence of a group of early-diverging brucellae with traits that depart significantly from those of the<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>species described thus far.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>This report examines differences between genomes from four new<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>strains and those from the classic<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>spp. Our results show that the four new strains are outliers with respect to the previously known<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>strains and yet are part of the genus, forming two new clades. The analysis revealed important information about the evolution and survival mechanisms of<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>species, helping reshape our knowledge of this important zoonotic pathogen. One discovery of special importance is that one of the strains, BO2, produces an O-antigen distinct from any that has been seen in any other<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>isolates to date.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00246-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,29]],"date-time":"2012-08-29T02:20:58Z","timestamp":1346206858000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Comparative Genomics of Early-Diverging<i>Brucella<\/i>Strains Reveals a Novel Lipopolysaccharide Biosynthesis Pathway"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Alice R.","family":"Wattam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Inzana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly P.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shrinivasrao P.","family":"Mane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maulik","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nalvo F.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Computa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan W.","family":"Dickerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Moriy\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Tropical y Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Edificio de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Navarra, c\/Irunlarrea, Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"O\u2019Callaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1047, UFR M\u00e9decine, N\u00eemes, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Montpellier 1, UFR M\u00e9decine, N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian M.","family":"Whatmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health &amp; Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno W.","family":"Sobral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebekah V.","family":"Tiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex R.","family":"Hoffmaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Frace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"De Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Santangelo, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Molinaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Santangelo, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barun K.","family":"De","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o C.","family":"Setubal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Recommendations for the description of species and biotypes of the genus Brucella","volume":"31","author":"Morgan WJ","year":"1976","unstructured":"MorganWJ CorbelMJ . 1976. 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